=================+=======================+==============+============== Chemical Name. | Source. | Formula. |Boiling Point ∞F. -----------------+-----------------------+--------------+-------------- 1 Methyl Alcohol|Distillation of Wood |CH_{3}OH | 150.8 2 Ethyl " |Fermentation of sugar |C_{2}H_{5}OH | 172.4 3 Propyl " | " " grapes |C_{3}H_{7}OH | 206.6 4 Butyl " | " " beets |C_{4}H_{9}OH | 242.6 5 Amyl " | " " potatoes|C_{5}H_{11}OH | 278.6 6 Caproyl " | " " grapes |C_{6}H_{13}OH | 314.6 7 Aenanthyl " |Distillation castor oil|C_{7}H_{15}OH | 347. | with potatoes | | 8 Capryl " |Essential oil hog weed |C_{8}H_{17}OH | 375.8 9 Nonyl " |Nonane from petroleum |C_{9}H_{19}OH | 10 Rutyl " |Oil of Rue |C_{10}H_{21}OH| 11 Cytyl " |Spermaceti |C_{16}H_{33}OH| 12 Ceryl " |Chinese wax |C_{26}H_{53}OH| 13 Melisyl " |Bees' wax |C_{30}H_{61}OH| =================+=======================+==============+============== Among a variety of other substances which have been and are still used for the production of alcohol in smaller quantities, are roots of many kinds, such as those of asphodel, madder, etc. Seeds and nuts have been made to yield it. It will thus be seen that the sources of this substance are practically innumerable; anything, in fact, which contains or can be converted into sugar is what is termed "alcoholisable." Alcohol has become a substance of such prime necessity in the arts and manufactures, and in one form or another enter so largely into the composition of the common beverages consumed by all classes of people that its manufacture must, of necessity, rank among the most important industries of this and other lands. Of the alcohols given in the above table only two concern the ordinary distiller, or producer of alcohol for general use in the arts. Methyl alcohol, the ordinary "wood alcohol," or wood naphtha, and Ethyl alcohol, which is produced by the fermentation of sugar and may therefore be made from anything which contains sugar. Ethyl alcohol forms the subject of this treatise. Aside from its chemical use in the arts as a source of energy and as a fuel, alcohol will likely soon compete with petroleum, gasoline, kerosene, etc., under the Act of Congress freeing the "de-naturized" spirit from the Internal Revenue tax. This act and the de-naturing process are covered in the last chapters of this book. CHAPTER II. THE PREPARATION OF MASHES, AND FERMENTATION.