Supposing, again, that vapors containing but a small quantity of alcohol are brought into contact with an alcoholic liquid of lower temperature than the vapors themselves, and in very small quantity, the vapor of water will be partly condensed, so that the remainder will be richer in alcohol than it was previously. But the water, in condensing, converts into vapor a portion of the spirit contained in the liquid interposed, so that the uncondensed vapors passing away are still further enriched by this means. Here, then, are the results obtained; the alcoholic vapors are strengthened, firstly, by the removal of a portion of the water wherewith they were mixed; and then by the admixture with them of the vaporized spirit placed in the condenser. By the employment of some such method as this, a very satisfactory yield of spirit may be obtained, both with regard to quality, as it is extremely concentrated, and to the cost of production, since the simple condensation of the water is made use of to convert the spirit into vapor without the necessity of having recourse to fuel. The construction of every variety of distilling apparatus now in use is based upon the above principles. A sectional view of another simple form of still is shown in Fig. 8; _V_ is a wooden vat having a tight fitting cover _a_, through the center of which a hole has been cut. The wide end of a goose neck of copper pipe _g_ is securely fitted over this aperture, the smaller end of this pipe passes through the cover of the retort _R_ extending nearly to the bottom; _f_ is the steam supply pipe from boiler; _M_ the rectifier consisting of a cylindrical copper vessel containing a number of small vertical pipes surrounded by a cold water jacket; _o_ the inlet for the cold water which circulates around these small pipes, discharging at _n_; the pipes in _M_ have a common connection to a pipe _p_, which connects the rectifier with coil in cooler _C_; _s_ is a pipe to the receptacle for receiving the distillate; _u_ cold water supply pipe to cooler, and _W_ discharge for warmed-up water, _k_ discharge for refuse wash in vat _V_. [Illustration: FIG. 8.--Simple Still, with Rectifier.] The operation is as follows: The vat _V_ is nearly filled with fermented mash and retort _R_ with weak distillate from a previous operation. Steam is then turned into the pipe _f_ discharging near the bottom of the vat _V_ and working up through the mash. This heats up the mash and the vapors escape up _g_ over into _R_ where they warm up the weak distillate. The vapors thus enriched rise into _M_, where a good percentage of the water vapor is distilled, that is, condensed by the cold water surrounding the small pipes. The vapor then passes over through _p_ into the coil, where it is liquified and from whence it passes by pipe _s_ into the receiver. The cold water for cooling both _M_ and _C_ can be turned on as soon as the apparatus has become thoroughly heated up.