=The Apparatus= employed in the process of distillation is called a _still_, and is of almost infinite variety. A still may be any vessel which will hold and permit fermentated "wash" or "beer" to be boiled therein, and which will collect the vapors arising from the surface of the boiling liquid and transmit them to a condenser. The still may be either heated by the direct application of fire, or the liquid in the still raised to the boiling point by the injection of steam. The steam or vapor rising from the boiling liquid must be cooled and condensed. This is done by leading it into tubes surrounded by cold water or the "cold mash." The very simplest form of still is shown in Fig. 6, and consists of two essential parts, the still, or boiler _A_, made of tinned copper, the condenser _C_ which may be made of metal or wood and the worm _B_ made of a coil of tinned copper pipe. The liquor is boiled in _A_ and the vapors pass off into the worm _B_, which is surrounded by the cold water of the condenser, the distillate being drawn off at _f_. The heated vapors passing through the worm _B_ will soon heat up the water in _C_ thereby retarding perfect condensation. To prevent this, a cold water supply pipe may be connected to the bottom of _C_ making a connection at the top of _C_ for an over flow of the warmed up water. By this means the lowest part of the worm will be kept sufficiently cool to make a rapid condensation of the vapors. [Illustration: FIG. 6.--A Simple Still.] The boiler _A_ can be made in two parts; the upper part fitting into the lower part snugly at _d_. The pipe from the upper part fitting the worm snugly at _e_. This will enable the operator to thoroughly cleanse the boiler before putting in a new lot of liquor. The joints at _e_ and _d_ should be luted with dough formed by mixing the flour with a small portion of salt and moistening with water. This is thoroughly packed at the junctions of the parts to prevent the escape of steam or vapor. Fig. 7 shows such a Still as manufactured by the Geo. L. Squier Mfg. Co., Buffalo, N. Y. [Illustration: FIG. 7.--Simple Direct-Heated Still.] In an apparatus of this kind, the vapors of alcohol and water are condensed together. But if instead of filling the condenser _C_ with cold water, it is kept at a temperature of 176∞ F. the greater part of the water-vapor will be condensed while the alcohol, which boils at 172.4∞ F. passes through the coil uncondensed. If therefore the water be condensed and collected separately in this manner, and the alcoholic vapors be conducted into another cooler kept at temperature below 172.4∞ F., the alcohol will be obtained in a much higher state of concentration than it would be by a process of simple distillation.