The draughtsman will do well to have a few French curves, for drawing the “sweeps” or curved lines of the carriage bodies, and scales of various sizes, which are slips of boxwood or ivory, on which are marked at the edges various scales, from ¹⁄₁₆th of an inch to a foot up to 3 inches to a foot; and last, though not by any means least, a good box of compasses or mathematical instruments. We shall not discuss the merits of the various kinds of instruments here, but any one wishing to go into the matter may do so by reading “Mathematical Instruments” in Weale’s Series. But we should strongly advise the draughtsman to go to some good maker, as bad drawing instruments only lead to bad drawing. The drawing paper used should be of a kind having a slight gloss on the surface, like “hot-pressed” paper, but without its granular texture. This kind of paper is usually called a “board,” as Bristol board, and kept in various sizes, and sold by all colour dealers. Various names are given to it, but it is all pretty nearly alike. [Illustration: Fig. 7.—Coach.] The paper being fastened, the drawing is commenced by drawing the ground line A (Fig. 7); from that set off the height that the body is to be from the ground, indicated by the dotted line B, and draw the line C, which is the depth of the rocker. This latter is the real bottom of the vehicle, and from it is measured the height of the seat, about 12 inches, shown by the dotted lines on the body. Then from the seat measure 42 inches, the length of the roof D. Lay off 23 inches for the width of the door, and draw E and F. From F measure 28 inches, the depth of the back quarter G, and from E measure 25 inches, which will give the front quarter H. Now the curves or sweeps of the body can be put in by means of French curves. From the hinge pillar measure 26 inches, shown by dotted line I, and this is the centre of the hind wheel, which is 4 feet 3 inches high. The spring is 1¼ inches thick, and consists of 5 plates 42 inches long. The opening between the springs is 12½ inches, the lower one being clipped beneath the axle. Measure 12½ inches from the underside of the axle, which will give the underside of the top spring. 1¼ inches must also be allowed for the back bar J, and the pump-handle K will be ½ an inch thick. Then draw the boot L in such a position that the front wheels will lock or turn under it freely. This may be found by drawing a plan of the wheel as shown, and with the centre of the lock bolt produced to N, strike the lines M, and it will be seen that the wheels will just clear the body, which is all that is necessary. From this it will be noticed that the centre on which the fore carriage turns is not in the same plane as the axle. This is more particularly discussed in the chapter on wheel-plates. The front wheel is 42 inches high, the springs the same size as the back springs. The draught may be now completed from Fig. 7, after having