Glue prepared in this manner is preferable in gluing the panels on bodies, which are liable to the action of water or damp. The strength of the glue is not affected by the addition of the potash. In plugging screw holes glue the edge of the plug; put no glue into the hole. By this means the surplus glue is left on the surface, and if the plug does not hit the screw it will seldom show. Where brads are used the heads should be well set in; then pass a sponge well saturated with hot water over them, filling the holes with water. This brings the wood more to its natural position, and it closes by degrees over the brad heads. The brad must have a chance to expand, when exposed to the heat of the sun, without hitting the putty stopping; if it does it will force the putty out so as to show, by disturbing the surface, after the work is finished. CHAPTER V. PARTS COMPOSING THE UNDER-CARRIAGE.—FRAMING THEM TOGETHER.—WROUGHT-IRON PERCHES.—BRAKES. We have now to consider the construction of the lower framework, or _carriage_. The following is a list of the chief parts of a _coach_, as generally known:— Wheels. Axles. Springs. Beds, or cross framing timbers, which are technically termed the fore axle bed, the hind axle bed, fore spring bed or transom, hind spring bed, and horn bar. Perch, or central longitudinal timber connecting the axletrees. Wings, which are spreading sides, hooped to the perch and framed to the hind beds. Nunters, or small framing pieces, which help to bind the hind beds together. Hooping-piece. A piece of timber scarped and hooped to the fore end of the perch to secure it to the Wheel plate, which is the circular iron beneath which the fore carriage turns. The fore carriage consists of the fore axle beds, into which are framed the Futchells (French, _fourchil_, a fork), which are the longitudinal timbers supporting the Splinter-bar and the Pole, to which the horses are attached. The hinder ends of the futchells support the Sway-bar—a circular piece of timber working beneath the wheel-plate. A circular piece of timber of smaller size, supported on the fore part of the futchells for a similar purpose, is called the Felloe-piece (often made of iron). On the splinter-bar are fixed the Roller bolts, for fastening the traces. On the pole is fixed the Pole hook, to secure the harness. The perch and beds are strengthened with iron plates, where necessary, and the other ironwork consists of Splinter-bar stays, to resist the action of the draught. Formerly these were affixed to the ends of the axles and called “wheel-irons.” Tread-steps, for the coachman to mount by. Footman’s step. Spring-stays. On the beds are placed Blocks, to support the =C= springs; to which are attached Jacks, or small windlasses, and Leathern suspension braces.