Clearing the land, 73--Demand for agricultural products, 74--Large crops, 74--Hop-growing on a large scale, 74--The changed agricultural conditions of East Washington, 75--Irrigation in the Yakima Valley, 75--Varied crops, 77--The Great Plain, 77--Boundaries, 78--Early history, 78--Area and population, 79--Amazing wheat crops: surpassing all other States, 79--Railroads overwhelmed with freight, 80--Price of wheat and cost of production, 81--Also barley and oats, 83--The soil a natural fertilizer, 84--Quality of the wheat, 84--The market in England, China, and other Asiatic ports, 85--Astonishing growth of vegetables, 85--Crops without rain, 86--West (not East) Washington to be the great cattle country, 86--Tree-planting, 87. LABOR 88 Good supply of labor, but more wanted, 88--Wages, 88. THE GEOLOGY OF WASHINGTON TERRITORY 90 HISTORICAL AND STRUCTURAL 90 The Western Coast regions younger than the Rocky Mountains and Appalachians, 91--An outlying Continent, 91--The rise of the West Coast, 92--The rocks and minerals of the Cascade Mountains, 93--The metamorphic rocks of doubtful origin, 93--The coal beds, 94--The volcanic mountains and their great activity, 95--The wonderful cañon of the Columbia River, 96--The great sheets of basalt, 96--Origin of the rich soil of East Washington, 97--The volcanoes not wholly extinct, 98--Glacial drift, 98. ECONOMIC GEOLOGY 99 I. Coal 99 Thickness of the Coal Measures, 99--Fifteen workable seams, 100--Different kinds of coal described, 100--The chemical changes in coal beds, 101--Deficient nomenclature, 102--Lignite an unsuitable name for the coals of Washington Territory, 103--The coking quality not general in these coals, but found in some, 104--Analyses of Washington Territory coals, 106. THE COLLIERIES 106 Authorities, 106. ANALYSES OF REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLES OF WASHINGTON TERRITORY COALS AND LIGNITES 107 The different mines, 108. _a._ Carbon River Group 108 Anthracite, coking and gas coals, 108. _b._ The Green River Group 110 The Common Point, equidistant between Tacoma and Seattle, 111--Franklin and Black Diamond mines, 112--The Kirke or Moss Bay Company (English) mines, 112. _c._ The Cedar River Group 117