The question as to the extent to which Reason is diffused in the universe--Darwin and Haeckel on Reason and Instinct--Du Prel on Reason as a fundamental property of all matter--Carneri on the automatism of animals--The dependence of theories on this question on the starting-point assumed in the argument--Difficulties of assigning a limit-line to Reason--Schneider's criteria--Insectivorous plants--Knight, Darwin, etc., on the movements of plants--Race-habits--So-called reflex-action in man--From non-analogy no inference possible--Arbitrary nature of the assumptions involved in the two starting-points of query--Reason = Cause or Effect?--Further criticism of the concepts of Cause and Effect--The bias of the specialist--Attempted definition of the province of reason--Definition of "End"--Unreliability of inference as to the nature of ends in other individuals; in other species--Possible inferences from the analogy of the nervous system--Certain possible limiting assumptions as to the province of knowledge in animal species--The Law of the Variation of Pain and Pleasure in function--The ultimate dilemma--Examinations of Teleological conceptions with respect to the Tendency to Stability--Criticism of Wallace on the Origin of Life, or of Consciousness--Summary of conclusions 307-340 CHAPTER III THE WILL Difficulties of definition--The Will and Consciousness--"Involuntary" action--Will in passivity--The concept of Choice--"Ends" and the Will--The Future and Will--The External and Will--Criticism of Barratt's axioms and propositions--Discussion of the relation of Thought and Feeling to Will--The argument of the Physiologist--The argument of the Evolutionist--The argument from social statistics--The argument from Psychiatry, Criminology, etc.--The argument from the psychological principles on which Evolutional Ethics is founded--Definition of Natural Law and Necessity--The positive factors of Evolution--The positive and active character of the organism as the result of evolution--The equivalence of Conditions and Results--The positive character of the organism as a part of Nature--The sense of Freedom as the sense of Activity--The theory of the Will as determined by Motives--As determined by Feeling--As determined by the desirability of the end or object--The argument of Concomitance and that of Sequence as used by both Materialist and Spiritualist--The endeavor to prove (1) the causal character of physiological process; (2) the causal character of Consciousness--Inconsistencies of these attempts 341-359 CHAPTER IV THE MUTUAL RELATIONS OF THOUGHT, FEELING, AND WILL IN EVOLUTION