%418. Few Manufactures in the Slave States%.--From much of the benefit produced by this splendid series of inventions and discoveries, the people of the slave-owning states were shut out. They raised corn, tobacco, and cotton, and made some sugar; but in them there were very few mills or manufacturing establishments of any sort. While a great social and industrial revolution was going on in the free states, the people in the slave states remained in 1860 what they were in 1800. The stream of immigrants from Europe passed the slave states by, carrying their skill, their thrift, their energy, into the Northwest. The resources of the slave states were boundless, but no free man would go in to develop them. The soil was fertile, but no free laborer could live on it and compete with slave labor, on which all agriculture, all industry, all prosperity, in the South depended. The two sections of the country at the end of the period 1840-1860 were thus more unlike than ever. SUMMARY 1. Between 1830 and 1850 the rush of population into the West continued, but, instead of moving across the continent, most of the people settled in the states already in existence. 2. This was due to the effect of such improved means of communication as steamboats, railroads, canals, etc. 3. As a consequence, but six new states were admitted to the Union in twenty-nine years, and one of them was annexed (Texas). 4. The period is also noticeable for the number of foreigners who came to our shores. 5. After 1849 the existence of gold in California brought so many people to the Pacific coast that California became a state in 1850. 6. As population grew denser, and transportation was facilitated by the expansion of railroads and steamboats and canals, business opportunities were increased, and new markets were created. 7. Labor-saving and time-saving machines and appliances became more in demand than ever, and a long list of remarkable inventions and business aids appeared. 8. The South, owing to its own peculiar industrial and labor condition, was little benefited by all these improvements, and remained much the same as in 1800. CONDITION OF THE COUNTRY, 1840-1860. _The People_. Immigration Causes. Number of immigrants. No. of people in 1840. 17,000,000 U. S. 1850. 23,000,000 1860. 31,000,000 Movement New States Arkansas, 1836. Slave. Westward .. Michigan, 1837. Free. Florida, 1845. Slave. Texas, 1845. Slave. Iowa, 1846. Free. Wisconsin, 1848. Free. California, 1850. Free. Minnesota, 1858. Free. Oregon, 1859. Free.