Mazarin, Cardinal, 146 Mediterranean, 44 Meerssen, Treaty of, 18 Meix-devant-Virton, 127 Mercatores, 42 Mercenaries, 127 Merchants, 37, 38; foreign, 85; privileges granted to, 45 Mercier, Cardinal, 176, 181 Merode, Count Felix de, 154 Messines, 38 Metal industry, 38 Metals, 180 Meuse, 31, 32, 37, 68; cities in valley of, 47; industry in valley of Upper, 38; trade by, 39 Mexico, Emperor, of Maximilian, 163 Michel, General, 172 Middelburg, diocese of, 105 Middelkerke, 49 Military service, 43 Mines, copper and tin, 38 _Ministeriales_, 30 Monks, 32; Cistercian, 48; not citizens, 47 Mons, 29, 47, 172; battle of, 172 Mons-en-Pevèle, battle of, 64 Monstrelet, 90 Mountainous region, 38 Municipal movement, 43 Munitions, 180 Munster, Treaty of, 125, 132 Music, 91 Namur: agricultural region, 47; annexed by Flanders, 61; atrocities committed at, 175; under Austria; county of, 19; diocese of, 105; fortress of, fall of, 172; on good terms with Hainaut and Luxemburg, 20 Nancy, battle of, 78, 92 Napoleon I, 143; fall of, 144; defeat at Waterloo, 150 Napoleon III, 163 f. Napoleonic system, suppressed, 169 Nassau, Maurice of, 121 National Convention, French, 142 National debt, 156 “Nations,” 85 Nemours, duke of, 155 Netherlands, 20, 96; in art, 91; Austrian, 131, 142, 148; history of, 36; Kingdom of, 145; lack of sympathy between, and Belgium, 150; Protestantism in, 97; provinces of, 5; revolt of, against Spain, 101 Neutral territory, 145 ff., 156, 158 Neutrality, of Belgium, 158, 161; preserved, 167; violated, 162 Nieuport, battle of, 121, 174 Nimègue, treaty of, 126 Nivelles, 60 Noblemen, 36, 59, 105, 143 Norbertins, 28 Normandy, Duke of, 24, 25; trade with Bruges, 45 Normans, conquest by, 25, 26; Flemish troops took part in, 25; invasion of, 37 North Sea, 18, 44 Nuncio, Bentivoglio, 126 note Nuncio Caraffa, 122 Nuncio of Cologne, abolished, 135 Ockeghem, Jan, 91 Octrois, abolished, 164 Oléron, island of, 142 Ommelanden, 95 Orange, Prince of, 106, 110, 113; assassinated, 117; Belgian provinces under, 149 Orient, 44; cloth exported to, 46 Ostend, 121 “Osterlings,” 45, 85 Otto I, reign of Emperor, 21; iron policy of, 23; of Brunswick, 58; von Freising, 33 Overyssel, the, 95 Painters, 31, 91 Painting, 90; Flemish school of, 122 Palestine, 166 Palmerston, Lord, 155 Paris, 12; agents from, to Belgian cities, 58; banking houses of, 46 Parliament, 150 Parliament of Malines, 78, 93 Parma, Ottavia Farnese, Duke of, 104 Pasture, Roger de la, 90 Patricians, party of, 62, 63, 69 Patriotism, 176 Patriots, party of, 137 Peace, 150, 167; of Athis-sur-Orge, 65 Peasant-farmers, 36; free, 48, 49 Peckius, 123 Peppin, 12; founder of Carolingians, 12 Perez, 123 Permanent impost, 100 Personal service, 169 Petit, Gabrielle, 178 Philip August, 56, 57 Philip the Bold, duke of Burgundy, 75 Philip of Bourbon, 128 Philip, Count, of Alsace, 56, 57 Philip the Good, 75, 83