Spanish rule, 4, 108 ff., 124, 125 ff., 146 Speyer, cathedral of, 31 Spinola, General, 121 States-General, 82; declaration of, 147; met in Brussels, 97, 107, 113 Stone, of Tournai, famous, 32 Struggle for the Investitures, 28, 55 Sunt, the, 44 Switzerland, 166 Sylva Carbonaria, 10, 11 Taxes: of Alva, 111; freedom to those who paid, 154; octrois abolished, 164 Teniers, painter, 122 Termonde, 175 Térouanne (later Saint-Omer) 38, 95 Territory, loss of, 156, 157 Terrorizing, 175 Teutonic, 10; “barbarism,” 33 Teutons, 9 Theology, 136 Thourout, 38 Thuringia, 30 Tin, 38 _Tirage au sort, le_, 169 Tirlemont, 60 Tolls, of the Scheldt, 164 Tongers, oldest bishop of Belgium in, 13; Romanized, 9 Tournai: annexed by Charles V. 95; artistic and religious capital of Flanders, 32, 53; campaign of conquest from, Clodovech started, 11; cathedral of, 32, 53; conquered by Clodion, 11; diocese of, 105; intellectual center, 34; local school of sculptors at, 32, 53; procession of, 27; stone of, famous, 32, 53; vainly besieged by Anglo-Flemish, 71 Tournaisis, 95 Town hall, 54; of Brussels, 92, 138; of Louvain, 82, 92; of Antwerp, 110 Trade and industry, 36, 38, 39, 44, 73, 123 Treaties: Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, 126; of April 19, 1839, quintuple, 162-68; of Arras, 116; of Bade, 128; of the Barriers, 129 ff., 147; of Campo Formio, 142; with Flanders and Liège, 66; of France and Holland against Spain, 146; of the Hague (1790), 140; for independence of Belgium, 158; of London, 157 f., 163; of Meerssen, 18; of Nimégue, 126; of the Twenty-four Articles, 157; of Utrecht, 128; of Verdun, 17, 23, 24; of Verdun in 879, Second, 18; of 1870, 162 Treaty, draft, published by Bismarck, 161; placing neutral zones, 159 Tribunal of the XXII, 66 Truce, for 12 years, 121 Tulden, 123 Turks, Count of Flanders in crusade against, 25 Twenty-four Articles, Treaty of the, 157 United Kingdom of the Netherlands, national debt of, 156 University of Louvain, founded by John IV, 75, 84, 92, 111, 119, 122 f., 136; Philosophic College at, 152 Utrecht, 20; archbishopric of, 105; bishopric of, 95; treaty of, 128; Union of, 117 Valenciennes, river wharves at, 37; revolt at, 69 Valois, 56, 70; King Philip of, 70 Van Artevelde, Jacques, 70 Van Craesbeke, councilor of Brabant, 122 Van de Weyer, 154 f. Van der Goes, Hugo, 91 Van der Noot, 137, 141 Van der Weyden, 90 f. Van Dyck, 122 Van Eyck, Hubert, 90 f.; Jan, 90 f. Van Hoogendorp, Count Charles, 149 Van Maenen, minister, of William I, 153 Van Maerlandt, Jacob, 52, 88 Van Ruysbroeck, Jan, 89 Van Veldeke, Hendrik, 52 Van Wassenhove, Juste, of Ghent, 91 Venice, 45, 46 Verdun, Treaty of, 17, 23, 24; Second Treaty of, in 879, 18; cut Belgium in two parts, 17 Vermandois, 30, 56 Vernuleus, Nicholas, 123 Verviers, town of, 85 “Verwaltung,” for Flanders, 179 Victoria, Queen of England, 158, 163 Vienna, Congress of, 145 Visitation, system of, 122 Visscher, Ch. de, 158 Vonck, 137, 141 Waes, 52