Chap. VI--Freethought in ancient Rome § 1. Culture Beginnings, to Ennius and the Greeks 194 § 2. Lucretius, Cicero, Cæsar 201 § 3. Decline under the Empire 207 § 4. The higher Pagan ethics 215 Chap. VII--Ancient Christianity and its Opponents § 1. Freethought in the Gospels: contradictory forces 218 § 2. The Epistles: their anti-rationalism 224 § 3. Anti-pagan rationalism. The Gnostics 224 § 4. Rationalistic heresy. Arius. Pelagius. Jovinian. Aerius. Vigilantius. The religious wars 229 § 5. Anti-Christian thought: its decline. Celsus. Last lights of critical thought. Macrobius. Theodore. Photinus. The expulsion of science. The appropriation of pagan endowments 235 § 6. The intellectual and moral decadence. Boethius 243 Chap. VIII--Freethought under Islam § 1. Mohammed and his contemporaries. Early "Zendekism" 248 § 2. The Influence of the Koran 252 § 3. Saracen freethought in the East. The Motazilites. The Spread of Culture. Intellectual Collapse 253 § 4. Al-Ma'arri and Omar Khayyám. Sufîism 261 § 5. Arab Philosophy and Moorish freethought. Avempace. Abubacer. Averroës. Ibn Khaldun 266 § 6. Rationalism in later Islam. Sufîism. Bâbism in contemporary Persia. Freethinking in Mohammedan India and Africa 272 Chap. IX--Christendom in the Middle Ages 277