CHAPTER IX. Musa's Dream of European Conquest--Charles Martel--Characteristics of Mahommedan Rule--Mission of the Saracen in Europe--The Germ of a Christian Kingdom in the North of Spain, 58 CHAPTER X. Pelayo and the Cave of Covadonga--Alfonso I.--Berbers and Arabs at War on African Coast--War Extends to Spain--The Omeyyad Khalifs Superseded by the Abbasides--Abd-er-Rahman--Omeyyad Dynasty Established at Cordova--Ineffectual Attempt of the Abbasides to Overthrow Abd-er-Rahman--Character of This Conqueror, 64 CHAPTER XI. Charlemagne--Battle of Roncesvalles, 69 CHAPTER XII. Conditions after Death of Abd-er-Rahman--Abd-er-Rahman II.--Arab Refinements--Eulogius and the Christian Martyrs--Abd-er-Rahman III.--A Khalifate at Cordova--The Great Mosque--The City of "The Fairest"--Death of Abd-er-Rahman III., 72 CHAPTER XIII. Rough Cradle of a Spanish Nationality in the Asturias--Alfonso III. and His Hidalgos and Dons--Guerrilla Warfare with Moors--Jealousies and Strife between Christian Kingdoms--Civil War--Almanzor--Ruin of Christian State Seemed Imminent--Death of Almanzor--Berber Revolt--Anarchy in Moorish State--A Khalif Begging a Crust of Bread--Berbers Destroy Cordova--Library Burned--City of "The Fairest" a Ruin--Asturias--Leon and Castile United--Alfonso VI.--The Cid--Triumph of Christians--Moors Ask Aid of the Almoravides--Christians Driven Back--Death of the Cid--A Dynasty of the Almoravides--The Alhomades--The Great Mahdi--Moorish People Become Subject to Emperor of Morocco--His Designs upon Europe--The Pope Proclaims a Crusade--Alhomades Driven Out of Spain by Christians--Moorish Kingdom Reduced to Province of Granada, 78 CHAPTER XIV. European Conditions in Thirteenth Century--Visigoth Kings Recover Their Land--Its Changed Conditions--Effect of Arab Civilization upon Spanish Nation--Fernando III.--Spain Draws into Closer Companionship with European States--Alfonso X.--Spain Becoming Picturesque--The Bull-Fight--Beautiful Granada--The Alhambra, 87 CHAPTER XV. Perpetual Civil War between Spanish States--Castile and Aragon Absorb the Others and in Conflict for Supremacy--Pedro the Cruel--The "Black Prince" His Champion against Aragon--John of Gaunt--His Claim upon the Throne of Castile--His Final Compromise--Political Conditions Contrasted with Those of Other States, 94