Spain, 93, 106, 122, 123, 180, 185, 230, 232, 236, 253, 255, 256, 309, 348, 349, 350, 393, 429, 431; relics of first true man in, 53 Spain, North, 431 Spanish, 329, 331 Spanish language, 203 Sparta, 129, 130, 136, 203 Spartacus, 191, 192, 203, 430 Spartans, 136 Species, generation of, 17; new, 36 Speech, primitive human, 63 Spiders, 23 Spiral nebulæ, 5 Spores, 24 Stagira, 142 Stamford Bridge, battle of, 286 Stars, 68, 257 State, modern idea of a, 375 State ownership, 374 States General, the, 341, 434 Steamboat, 340, 357 _et seq._, 374, 382, 395, 396 Steam engine, 151, 152, 359 Steam hammer, 359 Steam power, 322 Steel, 322, 359-60 Stephenson, George, 356 Stilicho, 230, 234, 431 Stockholm, 417 Stockton, 356, 434 Stone age, 53, 59 Stone implements, 45, 65 Stonehenge, 106, 429 Story-telling, primitive, 62 Styria, 309 Submarine campaign, 423 Subutai, 289 Sudan, the, 405 Suevi, 431 Suleiman the Magnificent, 310, 312, 432, 433 Sulla, 192, 237 Sumeria and Sumerians, 77, 78 _et seq._, 87, 88, 90, 91, 122 Sumerian Empire, 429 Sumerian language and writing, 77, 78, 79 Sun, the, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10 Sun worship, 211 Sung dynasty, 290 Susa, 114, 135, 148, 149, 155 Suy dynasty, 245 Swastika, 70 Sweden, 306, 313, 348 Swedes, 326, 329, 330, 351 Swimming bladder, 24 Switzerland, 327, 347, 350, 433 Syracuse, 151, 154, 170, 178 Syria, 88, 91, 115, 119, 122, 138, 238, 243, 249, 290, 431 Syrians, 96, 98 T _Tabus_, the, 61 Tadpoles, 26 Tagus valley, 314 Tai-Tsung, 247, 431 Tang dynasty, 200, 245, 247, 287, 431 “Tanks,” 413 Taoism, 174, 222. (_See also_ Lao Tse) Taranto, 178 Tarentum, 178 Tarim valley, 430 Tartars, 167, 197, 232, 243, 288, 290, 334 Tasmania, 59, 322, 393 Tattooing, 70 Taxation, 271, 337 Tea, 247, 337 Teeth, 19, 20 Telamon, battle of, 182 Telegraph, electric, 340, 358, 382, 384, 396 Telescope, 355 Temples, 77, 83, 101, 129, 131, 167, 174, 184, 186, 211, 212, 213, 240 Tennessee, 386 Testament, Old, 115, 116 Teutons, 431 Texas, 384, 385 Texel, 344 Thales, 131, 161 Thebes, 101, 102, 129, 136 Theocrasia, 209 Theodora, Empress, 238 Theodoric the Goth, 236, 431 Theodosius II, 234, 238 Theodosius the Great, 226, 229, 431 Thermopylæ, battle of, 136, 430 Thessaly, 145, 178 Thirty Years’ War, 326 Thothmes III, 96, 127, 147, 429 Thought and research, 140 Thought, primitive, 60 _et seq._ Thrace, 135 Three Estates, council of the, 285 Three Teachings, the, 170 Tiberius Cæsar, 195, 214, 430 Tibet, 196, 400 Tides, 18 Tigers, 42, 43 Tiglath Pileser I, 97, 429 Tiglath Pileser III, 97, 108, 109, 429 Tigris, 77, 84 Time, 5, 6 Timor, 329 Timurlane, 290, 334 Tin, 360 Tiryns, 108 Titanotherium, the, 39, 42 Tonkin, 402 Tortoises, 27, 28 Toulon, 345 Trade, early, 83, 88 Trade, Grecian, 129 Trade routes, 119 Traders, 132, 335 Traders, sea, 92 Trafalgar, battle of, 348 Trajan, 195, 430 Transport, 319, 358, 382 Transvaal, 398 Transylvania, 195