[197] Gaius, i, 52 ff. [198] Gaius, iii, 222. Cf. Juvenal vi, 219-223, and 474-495. [199] Gaius, iii, 222. Salvius Julianus, Pars Secunda, xv. Aulus Gellius, xx, i. [200] Paulus, v, 16. [201] Paulus, iii, v, 5 ff. Pliny, _Letters_, viii, 14. Tacitus, _Annals_ xiii, 32. [202] Valerius Maximus, vi, 8, in a chapter entitled _de fide servorum_ speaks with great admiration of instances of fidelity on the part of slaves. Seneca ate with his--_Epist_. 47, 13. Martial laments the death of a favourite slave girl--v, 34 and 37. Dio (62, 27--Xiphilin) notes the heroic conduct of Epicharis, a freedwoman, who was included in a conspiracy against Nero; but she revealed none of its secrets, though tortured in every way by Tigellinus. The pages of Pliny are full of the spirit of kindliness to slaves. [203] See Tacitus, _Annals_, xiv, 42 ff. [204] Suetonius, _Claudius_, 25. Dio, 60, 29 (Xiphilin). [205] Sec, e.g., Seneca, _de Clem_., i,18, 1 and 2--especially the anecdote of Vedius Pollio (mentioned also by Dio, 54, 23). The interesting letter of Pliny, viii, 16; and cf. iii, 14, and v, 19. Juvenai, vi, 219-223. [206] Spartianus, _Hadrian_, 18. [207] Gaius, i, 52 ff. Cf. Ulpian in Dig., 1, 12, 1 and 8. [208] The punishment for this was pecuniary damages equal to twice the highest value of a slave during the year in which he was killed. [209] Ulpian in Dig., i., 12, 8: hoc quoque officium praefecto urbi a divo Severo datum est, ut mancipia tueatur ne prostituantur. [210] Vopiscus, _Aurelian_, 49 [211] Vopiscus, _Tacitus_, 9. CHAPTER II WOMEN AND THE EARLY CHRISTIAN CHURCH Meanwhile a new world force, destined to overthrow the old order of things, was growing slowly to maturity and spreading out its might until eventually it fought its way to preeminence. I have traced the rights of women under the regime of pagan Rome; I shall inquire next into the position of women under Christianity. We must first note the attitude of the early Christians towards women in general; for that attitude will naturally be reflected in any laws made after the Church has become supreme and is combined with and directs the State. That will demand a special chapter on Canon Law; but in the present chapter I propose to show how women were regarded by the Christians in the centuries which were the formative period of the Church.