The Development of the Sciences and Realism. Bacon and His Inductive Method. Bacon’s Educational Suggestions and Influence. Ratich’s Methods. Comenius: His Training and Work. His Series of Latin Texts. The Great Didactic. His Encyclopædic Arrangement of Knowledge. The Method of Nature. The Influence of Comenius upon Education. Realistic Tendencies in Elementary Schools. Secondary Schools. The Universities. CHAPTER XVI FORMAL DISCIPLINE IN EDUCATION 179 Locke’s Work and Its Various Classifications. Locke’s Disciplinary Theory in Intellectual Education. Disciplinary Attitude in Moral and Physical Training. Origin, Significance, and Influence of the Theory of Formal Discipline. Opposition to the Disciplinary Theory and More Recent Modification. Locke’s Real Position on Formal Discipline. CHAPTER XVII EDUCATION IN THE AMERICAN COLONIES 187 American Education a Development from European. Conditions in Europe from Which American Education Sprang. Colonial School Organization: The Aristocratic Type in Virginia. The Parochial Schools in New Netherlands. Sectarian Organization of Schools in Pennsylvania. Town Schools in Massachusetts. Education in the Other Colonies. _PART IV_ MODERN TIMES CHAPTER XVIII GROWTH OF THE DEMOCRATIC IDEAL IN EDUCATION 203 The Revolt from Absolutism. The Two Epochs in the Eighteenth Century. Voltaire and the Encyclopedists. Rousseau and His Times. Rousseau’s Works. CHAPTER XIX PAGE NATURALISM IN EDUCATION 210 The Influence of Rousseau’s Naturalism. Naturalistic Basis of the _Emile_. The Five Books of the _Emile_. Estimate of the _Emile_. The Sociological Movements in Modern Education. The Scientific Movement in Modern Education. The Psychological Movements in Modern Education. The Spread of Rousseau’s Doctrines. Development of Basedow’s Educational Reforms. Text-books and Other Works. Course and Methods of the Philanthropinum. Influence of the Philanthropinum. CHAPTER XX PHILANTHROPY IN EDUCATION 230 Reconstructive Tendencies of the Eighteenth Century. The Rise of Charity Schools in England. The Schools of the S. P. C. K. Other Charity Schools. The Charity Schools of the S. P. G. Charity Schools among the Pennsylvania Germans. The ‘Sunday School’ Movement in Great Britain. The ‘Sunday School’ Movement in the United States. Value of the Instruction in ‘Sunday Schools.’ The Schools of the Two Monitorial Societies. Value of the Monitorial System in England. Results of the Monitorial System in the United States. The ‘Infant Schools’ in France. The ‘Infant Schools’ in England. ‘Infant Schools’ in the United States. The Importance of Philanthropic Education. CHAPTER XXI