THE PERIOD OF TRANSITION IN AMERICAN EDUCATION 251 Evolution of Public Education in the United States. Rise of the Common School in Virginia. Similar Developments in the Other Southern States. Evolution of Public Education in New York. New York City. Development of Systems of Education in Pennsylvania and the Other Middle States. Decline of Education in Massachusetts. Developments in the Other New England States. The Extension of Educational Organization to the Northwest. Condition of the Common Schools Prior to the Awakening. CHAPTER XXII OBSERVATION AND INDUSTRIAL TRAINING IN EDUCATION 276 Pestalozzi as the Successor of Rousseau. Pestalozzi’s Philanthropic and Industrial Ideals. His Industrial School at Neuhof and the _Leonard and Gertrude_. His School at Stanz and Beginning of His Observational Methods. Continuation of His Methods at Burgdorf, and _How Gertrude Teaches Her Children_. The ‘Institute’ at Yverdon and the Culmination of the Pestalozzian Methods. Pestalozzi’s Educational Aim and Organization. His General Method. The Permanent Influence of Pestalozzi. The Spread of Pestalozzian Schools and Methods through Europe. Pestalozzianism in the United States. Pestalozzi’s Industrial Training Continued by Fellenberg. The Agricultural School and Other Institutions at Hofwyl. Industrial Training in the Schools of Europe. Industrial Institutions in the United States. CHAPTER XXIII DEVELOPMENT OF PUBLIC EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES 302 The Third Period in American Education. Early Leaders in the Common School Revival. Work of James G. Carter. Horace Mann as Secretary of the Massachusetts Board. The Educational Suggestions and Achievements of Mann. Henry Barnard’s Part in the Educational Awakening. Barnard as Secretary of the Connecticut State Board. Commissioner of Common Schools in Rhode Island. State Superintendent of Schools in Connecticut. _Barnard’s American Journal of Education._ First United States Commissioner of Education. Value of Barnard’s Educational Collections. Educational Development in New England since the Revival. Influence of the Awakening upon the Middle States. Public Education in the West. Organization of State Systems in the South. Development of the American System of Education. CHAPTER XXIV DEVELOPMENT OF EDUCATIONAL PRACTICE 333