554.--The fret of pottery decoration 516 555.--Scroll as evolved from fret in pottery decoration 516 556.--Ancient Pueblo "medicine-jar" 517 557.--Decoration of above compared with modern Moki rain symbol 517 558.--Zuñi prayer-meal bowl illustrating symbolism in form and decoration 518 559.--Native paintings of sacred butterfly 519 560.--Native painting of sacred migratory "summer bird" 519 561.--Rectangular or Iroquois type of earthen vessel 519 562.--Kidney-shaped type of vessel of Nicaragua 520 563.--Iroquois bark vessel, showing angles of juncture 520 564.--Porcupine quill decoration on bark vessel, for comparison with Fig. 561 521 ~~~ * * * * * A STUDY OF PUEBLO POTTERY AS ILLUSTRATIVE OF ZUÑI CULTURE-GROWTH. * * * * * BY FRANK H. CUSHING. * * * * * HABITATIONS AFFECTED BY ENVIRONMENT. It is conceded that the peculiarities of a culture-status are due chiefly to the necessities encountered during its development. In this sense the Pueblo phase of life was, like the Egyptian, the product of a desert environment. Given that a tribe or stock of people is weak, they will be encroached upon by neighboring stronger tribes, and driven to new surroundings if not subdued. Such we may believe was the influence which led the ancestors of the Pueblo tribes to adopt an almost waterless area for their habitat. It is apparent at least that they entered the country wherein their remains occur while comparatively a rude people, and worked out there almost wholly their incipient civilization. Of this there is important linguistic evidence. [Illustration: FIG. 490.--A Navajo hut.] A Navajo hogan, or hut, is a beehive-shaped or conical structure (see Fig. 490) of sticks and turf or earth, sometimes even of stones chinked with mud. Yet its modern Zuñi name is _hám´ pon ne_, from _ha we_, dried brush, sprigs or leaves; and _pó an ne_, covering, shelter or roof (_po a_ to place over and _ne_ the nominal suffix); which, interpreted, signifies a "brush or leaf shelter." This leads to the inference that the temporary shelter with which the Zuñis were acquainted when they formulated the name here given, presumably in their earliest condition, was in shape like the Navajo hogan, but in _material_, of brush or like perishable substance. The archaic name for a building or walled inclosure is _hé sho ta_, a contraction of the now obsolete term, _hé sho ta pon ne_, from _hé sho_, gum, or resin-like; _shó tai e_, leaned or placed together convergingly; and _tá po an ne_, a roof of wood or a roof supported by wood.