Among the accessories of prayer were the following: (_a_) The action called ȼistube by the Omaha and Ponka, riçtowe by the three ┴ɔiwere tribes, and yuwiⁿtapi (yuwiŋtapi) by the Dakota, consisting of the elevation of the suppliant’s arms with the palms toward the object or the face of the being invoked, followed by a passage of the hand downward toward the ground, without touching the object or person (see §§ 28, 35, 36). (_b_) The presentation of the pipe with the mouthpiece toward the power invoked (see §§ 29, 35, 40). (_c_) The use of smoke from the pipe (See §§ 27, 36), or of the odor of burning cedar needles, as in the sweat lodge. (_d_) The application of the kinship term, “grandfather,” or its alternative, “venerable man,” to a male power, and “grandmother” to a female power (see §§ 30, 31, 35, 39, 59, 60, etc.). (_e_) Ceremonial wailing or crying (Xage, to wail or cry--Dakota ćeya. See § 100).[11] (_f_) Sacrifice or offering of goods, animals, pieces of the suppliant’s flesh, etc. In modern times the Kansa have substituted the lives of animals, as deer, grouse, etc., for those of human enemies (see §§ 28, 33, etc.). OMAHA AND KANSA EXPRESSIONS ABOUT WAKANDA. § 25. Samuel Fremont said that before the advent of the white race the Omaha had certain expressions which they used in speaking of Wakanda. When an Indian met with unexpected good fortune of any sort the people used to say, “Wakanda has given him some assistance.”[12] Or they might say, “Wakanda knows him.”[13] Sometimes they said, “Wakanda has planned for his own (i. e., for his friend, relation, or subject).”[14] If a Kansa prospers, he says, “Wakan´da aká aⁿmaⁿ´yüxü´dje aka´ eyaú,” i. e., “Wakanda has indeed been looking at me!” And in speaking of the success of another, he says, “Wakan´da aká níka yiñké uyü´xüdje aká eyaú,” i. e., “Wakanda has indeed been looking at the man.” Samuel Fremont said that when an animal detected the approach of the hunter and consequently fled from him, the man prayed thus: Hau´ Wakan´da, wani´ta wiⁿ aⁿȼá‘i éiⁿte cĭ iⁿȼégȼize Ho, Wakanda, quadruped one you gave perhaps again you take to me yours back from me égaⁿ. Cĭ wiⁿ´ waȼíɔnaaⁿȼákiȼe kaⁿbȼégaⁿ, somewhat again one you cause to appear I hope to me i. e., “Ho, Wakanda, you may have given me an animal, but now it seems that you have taken it from me. I hope that you will cause another to appear to me.” But if the hunter shot at an animal and missed it, he said nothing. PONKA BELIEF ABOUT MALEVOLENT SPIRITS.