Free verse; Modernism (Literature); Poetry, Modern -- 20th century -- History and criticism
First we must decide if there are not positive features in the poem
which make it possible to judge it in these respects as a formal poem
and which should occur in any rewriting of the poem with much the
same emphasis. The title might undergo some amplification because
of a veiled literary reference in lines five and six to Rémy De
Gourmont’s _Litanies De La Rose_: it might reasonably include
some acknowledgement of the poet’s debt to French influences, and read
“Sunset Piece: After Reading Rémy De Gourmont”; although the original
title _Sunset_ would be no less literary. The heavy alliteration
in _s_ in the first seven lines, confirmed in the last by the
solitary capitalized _S_, cannot be discarded. The context demands
it--certain inevitable associations are connected with the words as
they stand. The first word, _stinging_, taken alone suggests
merely a sharp feeling; its purpose is only to prepare for the poem
and supply an emotional source from which the other _s_ ideas may
derive. In the second line _swarms_ develops the alliteration,
at the same time colouring _stinging_ with the association of
golden bees and softening it with the suppressed idea of buzzing. We
are now ready for the more tender _s_ word, _spires_, in the
third line. _Silver_, the single word of the fourth line, brings
us back to the contrast between cold and warm in the first and second
lines (_stinging_ suggests cold in contrast with the various
suggestions of warmth in the _gold swarms_) because _silver_
reminds one of cold water as _gold_ does of warm light. Two
suppressed _s_ words play behind the scenes in this first part of
the poem, both disguised in _silver_ and _gold_, namely,
_sea_ and _sun_. _Sea_ itself does not actually occur
until the twelfth line, when the _s_ alliteration has flagged:
separated from alliterative associations, it becomes the definite image
_sea_ and the centre around which the poem is to be built up. But
once it has appeared there is little more to be said; the poem trails
off, closing with the large _S_ echo of the last line. The hyphen
before this _S_ detaches it from _dream_ and sets it apart as
the alliterative summary of the poem; in a realistic sense _-S_
might stand for the alternation of quiet and hiss in wave movement. As
a formal closing it leaves us with a feeling like the one we started
with, but less acute, because the _z_ sound has prevailed over the
_s_ sound with which the poem was begun. The sunset is over, the
final impression is darkness and sleep, though the _-S_ vaguely
returns to the two large _S_’s of the title.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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