To the reign of Ivan the Terrible belong, also, "A History of the Kingdom of Kazan," by Priest Ioann Glazatly; and the "Memoirs of Alexei Adasheff"--the most ancient memoirs in the Russian language. In the mean time, during this same sixteenth century, a new culture was springing up in southwestern Russia, and in western Russia, then under the rule of Poland, and under the influence of the Jesuits. Many Russians had joined the Roman Church, or the "Union" (1596), by which numerous eastern orthodox along the western frontier acknowledged the supremacy of the Pope of Rome, on condition of being allowed to retain their own rites and vernacular in the church services. In the end, they were gradually deprived of these, almost entirely; and curiously enough, the solution of this problem has been found, within the last decade, in the United States, where the immigrant Uniates are returning by the thousand to the Russian Church. In order to counteract the education and the wiles of the Jesuits, philanthropic "Brotherhoods" were formed among the orthodox Christians of southwest Russia, and these brotherhoods founded schools in which instruction was given in the Greek, Slavonic, Latin, and Polish languages; and rhetoric, dialectics, poetics, theology, and many other branches were taught. One of these schools in Kieff was presided over by Peter Moghila (1597-1646), the famous son of the Voevoda of Wallachia, who was brilliantly educated on the Continent, and at one time had been in the military service of Poland. Thus he thoroughly understood the situation when, later on (1625), he became a monk in the Kieff Catacombs Monastery, and eventually the archimandrite or abbot, and devoted his wealth and his life to the dissemination of education among his fellow-believers of the Orthodox Eastern Catholic Church. The influence of this man and of his Academy on Russia was immense. The earliest school-books were here composed. Peter Moghila's own "Shorter Catechism" is still referred to. The Slavonic grammar and lexicon of Lavrenty Zizanie-Tustanovsky and Melenty Smotritzky continued in use until supplanted by those of Lomonosoff one hundred and fifty years later. The most important factor, next to the foundation of the famous Academy, was, that towards the middle of the seventeenth century learned Kievlyanins, like Simeon Polotzky, attained to the highest ecclesiastical rank in the country, and imported the new ideas in education, which had been evolved in Kieff, to Moscow, where they prepared the first stable foundations for the future sweeping reforms of Peter the Great.