Required Readings: Edgington, _History of the Monroe Doctrine_; Bingham, _The Monroe Doctrine, an Obsolete Shibboleth_; Garcia Calderon, 58-85; Bryce, 422-451; Koebel, _British Exploits_, 163-254; Shepherd, _Bolivar and the United States_ (Hisp. Am. Hist. Rev. 1918); Moore, _Digest of International Law_ (Sections on Monroe Doctrine); The New International Encyclopaedia; _Annals of the American Academy of Political Science_, July, 1914; Robertson, _Reception of the Monroe Doctrine_ (Political Science Quarterly, 1915); Manning, _Early Diplomatic Relations between the United States and Mexico_. Additional Readings: Gilman, _James Monroe_; Bigelow, _American Policy_; Coolidge, _United States as a World Power_; Hart, _The Monroe Doctrine_; Torres, _An Exposition of the Commerce of South America_; Chadwick, _The Relations of Spain and the United States_. =Chapter VII. Political Theories and Early Republican Institutions.= 1. The monarchical idea _versus_ the republican; opinions of the revolutionary leaders: Bolivar, San Martin, Rivadavia, Belgrano, etc. 2. Early political parties or groups and their theories: a. Unitary; federalist; conservative; and radical. b. Liberal and conservative writers on politics: Lastarria, Bilbao, Echeverria, Montalvo, Vigil, Sarmiento; Bello, Alberdi, Herrera, Acosta. c. Influence of France upon political theorists. 3. Political factions: Military; clerical; civilian; and lay. 4. Party methods and politics. 5. Ballot and elections; restrictions of the suffrage. 6. Popular apathy in political affairs; personal politics. 7. Character of governments: Federal and unitary. 8. Early constitutions; separation of powers. 9. The office of executive. a. Constitutional powers in various countries. b. Prestige and dignity of office. c. Early types of executives: tyrants; dictators; liberators; restorers; caudillos. 10. Character and powers of Congress; congress _versus_ president; experiments with unicameral legislatures. 11. Influence of English and French cabinet systems of government. 12. The judiciary in Latin America: a. Constitutional powers and position in administration. b. Judicial review of legislation. 13. Early conventions and platforms. 14. Municipal government: a. General characteristics. b. Police systems. c. Public service. d. Prisons.