3. Laboring classes and types: _"vaquero;" "gaucho;" "llanero;"_ industrial laborers. 4. Labor system and laws. a. Peonage: 1. Feudal status of labor in colonies. 2. Origin of peonage; inheritance of debt. 3. The "inquilino" and "colono"; "cholo." 4. Ignorance, wages, and living conditions. 5. Peon in government and politics. 6. Peonage in Mexico; in South America. b. Labor regulations in general. c. Labor organizations. d. Dearth of labor in certain countries. e. Strikes; radicalism; labor conditions in Argentina, Brazil and Mexico. 5. Aristocratic and professional society. 6. Language. 7. Position of woman: a. In society. b. Family life. c. The matter of divorce. 8. Amusements and social customs: a. Sports and games. b. Carnivals and festivals. c. Dress and etiquette. d. Gambling and lotteries. e. Social customs in business. 9. Influence of the Basques in Latin America. Readings: Shepherd, 121-141; ----, _Psychology of the Latin American_ (Jour. of Race Devel. 1919); Garcia Calderon, 283-290; Bryce, 432, 528-530; Romero, _Mexico and the United States_; Bingham, _Across South America_; books on individual countries and on travel; Bunge, _Nuestra America_; Colmo, _America Latina_. B. Religious: 1. Prevalence of Roman Catholic Church. 2. Church and State; tendency toward separation. 3. Clericalism in politics. 4. The work of the Church. 5. Toleration in Hispanic America. 6. Protestant missionary activities. 7. Foreign opinion of Hispanic-American morality. Required Readings: Shepherd, 139; Koebel, _The South Americans_ 41-44, 91-108, 152-169. Additional Readings: Speer, _South American Problems_; Brown, _Latin America_; Neely, _South America: Its Missionary Problem_; Planchet, _La Cuestion religiosa en Mexico_. 3. Immigration: a. History of immigration in the 19th century: 1. Causes of scarcity before 1857; colonial exclusion; revolutions; greater inducements of the United States; economic reasons. 2. Increase since 1857. Ideas of Alberdi and Sarmiento on immigration. 3. Drift toward the Southern republics.