4. Immigration in the North American republics. b. Political and economic effects of immigration. c. Effects on society. d. Spanish, Italian, German, Russian and Polish, English, French, Portuguese, Oriental, Turkish and Assyrian immigration. e. Favorite occupations of aliens. f. The question of assimilation and citizenship. Required Readings: Shepherd, 81-84, 126-129, 169; Koebel, _The South Americans_, 152-169; Garcia Calderon, 290-298, 323-335. Additional Readings: _Atlas America Latina_; Koebel, _British Exploits_, 481-551; Mulhall, _The English in South America_; Wintzer, _Die Deutschen im tropischen Amerika_. 4. Financial: a. Monetary systems in Hispanic America. 1. Standards and values. 2. Paper currency. 3. Fluctuations. b. Capital and Banking: 1. Number of banks. 2. Domestic and foreign control of banking. 3. Branch banks: a. European. b. United States. 4. Scarcity of capital. c. Hispanic-American finance. 1. Credits, exchange, solvency. 2. Stock exchanges. 3. Bond issues. 4. Public debts. 5. Sinking funds. 6. Insurance. 7. Trusts and corporations. d. Foreign influences upon financial policies. e. Business enterprises: 1. Habits of business. 2. Buying and selling; advertising. f. Tariff systems: 1. Tariff for revenue. 2. Rates: specific rather than _ad valorem_. 3. Variations and complexity. g. Taxation: 1. On personal property. 2. On lands and real estate. 3. On industries. 4. Licenses and concessions. h. Internal improvements and public works. 1. History of internal improvements in Latin America. 2. Public works; postal service; parcel post. i. Movement for single, Pan-American monetary standard. j. Movement for a Pan-American, standardized tariff system.