1. No distinct separation of powers; the executive, legislative, judicial, and ecclesiastical powers of government. 2. Office of _Viceroy_ in Spanish America. a. History of the office. b. Appointment; powers in the various departments of the government; dignity of office; perquisites and reward. 3. Offices of _Adelantado_; _gobernador_; _captain-general_; minor officials. 4. The _Audiencia_; _presidencia_. 5. The system of intendants instituted; its effects. 6. Local government: the _alcalde_; the _cabildo_; _ayuntamiento_. 7. Extraordinary political bodies in the colonies: the _Cabildo abierto_. 8. Minor courts of law; position of lawyers. 9. Conduct of government. 10. Operation of the system; discretionary powers as to enforcement or non-enforcement of laws--"Se obedece pero no se ejecuta"; opportunities of local officials to evade imperial restrictions. 11. Relations of officials with the home government. Required Readings: Shepherd, 25-29; Moses, _Establishment of Spanish Rule_; ----, _Spanish Dependencies of South America_, 263-275; Morris, I, 244-259; Smith, _The Viceroy of New Spain_, 100-248; Bourne, 202-242; ----, _A Trained Colonial Civil Service_, (North American Review, Vol. 169, 528 _et seq._); Southwestern Historical Quarterly, Vol. XIX; Hill, _Office of Adelantado_, (Political Science Quarterly, Vol. XXVIII); Roscher, _The Spanish Colonial System_; Humboldt, _Political Essay on New Spain_; Cunningham, _The Audiencia in the Spanish Colonies_; ----, _Institutional Background of Spanish-American History_ (Hisp. Am. Hist. Rev. 1918). Additional Readings: Bancroft, _Central America_, Vol. I, Chapter V; Cambridge Modern History, Vol. X, 244 _et seq._; Desdevises du Dezert, _L'Espagne de L'Ancien Régime_ (Les Institutions) 122-163; Solorzano, _Politica Indiana_, Vol. II; Haebler, _Amerika_ (Helmolt's _Weltgeschichte_, Vol. I) 384, _et seq._ C. The Church. _Real Patronato._ 1. Royal control of the Church in oversea dominions. a. Bull of Alexander VI, 1493. b. The bull of Julius II, 1508. c. The system as perfected. 2. The clergy in the colonies. 3. The priest as a colonizer. 4. Jesuits and other clerical orders. 5. Relations of Church and State. 6. The church and education. 7. The right of sanctuary in the colonies. 8. The mission system; the Church and the Indian. 9. The Inquisition in Spanish America. 10. The Church in Spanish and Portuguese colonies compared. 11. Some notable priests and monks; Las Casas, Zumarraga; Cardenas, etc.