5. Treaty of Saragossa, 1529. 6. Mid-century relations. 7. Union of Portugal and Spain, 1580. 8. Attitude of Europe toward Spanish and Portuguese claims of monopoly. 9. New doctrines relative to the control of the seas and the ownership of territory. Required Readings: Shepherd, _Latin America_, 9-19; Chapman, 229-271; Bourne, 31-33; 131-132; ----, _Essays in Historical Criticism_, 193-217; Keller, _Colonization_, 175-176; 197-200; Merriman, II, 219-239. Additional Readings: Altamira, _Historia de España_. =Chapter II. The Spanish Colonial System.= A. Imperial Control. 1. Early methods of colonization. Spanish inexperience; government aid and activities; private enterprize; rapid evolution of a system. 2. The _capitulation_; that of Columbus compared with later ones. 3. The _Casa de Contratacion_. 4. The Council of the Indies: a. Organization; powers; duties; methods of administration; accomplishments. b. Notable members. 5. Control of emigration: a. Laws of restriction. b. Inducements offered approved immigrants. 6. Exclusion of foreign influences from Colonies; Spanish mercantilism. 7. Interference in colonial affairs. 8. Means of control; special commissions; the _visitador_; the _residencia_; recall. 9. Difficulties of administration: a. Distance between colonies and home government. b. Defective means of communication. 10. Decline of the system; changes effected in the 18th Century; red tape and routine. 11. Comparison of the Spanish system of colonization with the systems of other colonizing countries. 12. Influences of the colonial empire upon Spain. Required Readings: Shepherd, 19-26; Bourne, 220-242; Morris, 244-259; Keller, 168-206; 210-215; Bancroft, _History of Central America_, I, 285 _et seq._; Roscher, _The Spanish Colonial System_; Moses, _Establishment of Spanish Rule in America_; _Cambridge Modern History_, Vol X, 244 et. seq.; Robertson, _Rise of the Spanish American Republics_, Introduction. Additional Readings: Root, _Spain and Its Colonies_; Zimmerman, _Die Kolonialpolitik Portugal und Spaniens_; Leroy-Beaulieu, _De la Colonisation chez les Peuples Modernes_, 1-40; Puente y Olea, _Los Trabajos Geographicos de la Casa de Contratacion_; Colmeiro, _Historia de la Economia Politica en España_, Vol. II; Cappa, _Estudios Criticos Acerca de la dominacion española en America_; _Recopilacion de Leyes de los Reinos de las Indias_, (a collection of legislation respecting the colonies made first in 1681). B. Spanish Administrative System in the Colonies.