―, boiled, washing, 95 ― boiler, Roeckner’s, 93 ― ―, Sinclair’s, 94 ―, boiling, 89, 91 ―, character, 55 ―, cleaning machine, 90 ―, composition, 57 ― fibres, dimensions, 39 ―, general chemical characteristics, 56 ― in paper, detecting, 199, 201 ― liquor, disposal of, 98 ―, micro-chemical reaction, 56 ―, microscopic features, 56 ― paper mill, arrangement, 210 ―, picking, 90 ―, presse-pâte system, 96 ―, pressure for boiling, 93 ―, proportion of cellulose in, 96 ― pulp, ash, 136 ― ―, dimensions of fibre, 119 ―, quantity of soda for, 92 ― section, 56 ―, soda required by, 89 ―, statistics, 221, 222 ―, substances removed from, by caustic soda, 97 ―, time of boiling, 92 ―, treating for paper, 63 ―, yield of cellulose, 95 Estimating acid in alum, 207 ― added mineral matter in paper, 136 ― mineral matter in paper, 134 Evaporating soda liquors, 180, 231 Evaporators, 180, 231 ―, Chapman’s, 184 ―, Roeckner’s, 181 ―, Porion’s, 182 ―, smell consumer, 183 ―, Yaryan, 231 Felting, 31 ― caused in potchers, 113 Fermentation, cellulosic, 16 Ferments decomposing cellulose, 15 Ferric oxide causticising process, 232 Fibre bundles, 34 ―, interweaving to form paper, 30 ―, theoretical value in paper, 30 Fibres, analysis, complete, 43 ― and cells, 1 ―, apparatus for microscopic examination, 35 ― classified according to iodine reaction, 46 ―, dimensions, 38 ―,― in pulps, 119 ―, estimating cellulose in, 42 ―, ― purity, 39 ―, isolating for examination, 38 ―, microscopic features, 32 ―, nature of, 1 ― of dicotyledonous stems, 33 ― of monocotyledonous stems, 33 ―, physical structure, 30 ―, raw, analysing, 42 ―, reagents for examining, 36 ―, sections for examination, 38 ―, separation, 34 ―, table of characters, 44 ―, ― of length, 39 ―, Webster on analysis of, 42 Fibrous tissue, 34 Fibro-vascular bundles, 2 ― ― ―, dimensions, 39 Filaments, 34 ―, dimensions of cells and fibres, 39 ―, table of lengths, 39 Filter bags for water, 126 ― paper, starching, 139 Filtering lime mud, 190 Finish, 159 Finishing-house, 175 Fir pulp, 61 Flax, 39, 44 ―, characters, 48 ―, composition of raw fibre, 48 ― fibres, dimensions, 39 ―, forms in which employed, 49 ―, general chemical characteristic, 48 ―, micro-chemical reaction, 48 ―, microscopic features, 48 ― sections, 48 Forbes’ beater, 122 Fourdrinier machine, 145 Francke’s bisulphite process, 72 Friction-glazing, 169 Fry, Ransome, and Wilkie’s wood-splitting machine, 74 Furfural, 21 Gaskell and Deacon’s crystal carbonate, 138 ― sodium sulphite, 128 Gelatine, action of alum on, 163 ―, analysing, 208 ―, estimating amount of, 204 ― for sizing, 161, 162 ― size, making, 162 ― with soap, 163 Glaser’s straw pulp chlorinating process, 102