Address delivered before the British Association assembled at BelfastTyndall, John
Religion
Address delivered before the British Association assembled at Belfast
Tyndall, John
Evolution; Religion and science; Science -- History
nature.' He refutes the notion that anything can come out of
nothing, or that that which is once begotten can be recalled to
nothing. The first beginnings, the atoms, are indestructible, and
into them all things can be resolved at last. Bodies are partly
atoms, and partly combinations of atoms; but the atoms nothing can
quench. They are strong in solid singleness, and by their denser
combination all things can be closely packed and exhibit enduring
strength. He denies that matter is infinitely divisible. We come at
length to the atoms, without which, as an imperishable substratum,
all order in the generation and development of things would be
destroyed.
The mechanical shock of the atoms being in his view the
all-sufficient cause of things, he combats the notion that the
constitution of nature has been in any way determined by intelligent
design. The inter-action of the atoms throughout infinite time
rendered all manner of combinations possible. Of these the fit ones
persisted, while the unfit ones disappeared. Not after sage
deliberation did the atoms station themselves in their right places,
nor did they bargain what motions they should assume. From all
eternity they have been driven together, and after trying motions and
unions of every kind, they fell at length into the arrangements out
of which this system of things has been formed. 'If you will
apprehend and keep in mind these things, nature, free at once, and
rid of her haughty lords, is seen to do all things spontaneously of
herself, without the meddling of the gods.'[7]
To meet the objection that his atoms cannot be seen, Lucretius
describes a violent storm, and shows that the invisible particles of
air act in the same way as the visible particles of water. We
perceive, moreover, the different smells of things, yet never see
them coming to our nostrils. Again, clothes hung up on a shore which
waves break upon become moist, and then get dry if spread out in the
sun, though no eye can see either the approach or the escape of the
water particles. A ring, worn long on the finger, becomes thinner; a
water-drop hollows out a stone; the ploughshare is rubbed away in the
field; the street pavement is worn by the feet; but the particles
that disappear at any moment we cannot see. Nature acts through
invisible particles. That Lucretius had a strong scientific
imagination the foregoing references prove. A fine illustration of
his power in this respect is his explanation of the apparent rest of
bodies whose atoms are in motion. He employs the image of a flock of
sheep with skipping lambs, which, seen from a distance, presents
simply a white patch upon the green hill, the jumping of the
individual lambs being quite invisible.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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