TERETE: cylindrical, circular in cross-section. TERNATE: in threes. TOMENTOSE: clothed with matted wool-like hairs. TORULOSE: knobby; swollen at intervals. TRUNCATE: as if cut off at the top. TUBERCLE: a small knob-like outgrowth. TURBINATE: top-shaped. UMBEL: an umbrella-like flower-cluster. UNDULATE: wavy. VALVATE: (leaves in bud) meeting by the margins, not overlapping. VERTICILLATE: whorled. VEXILLUM: the standard of the peculiar flower of pea, etc. VILLOUS: with long soft hairs. GENERAL KEY TO THE FAMILIES PLANTS WITHOUT FLOWERS FERNS AND THEIR ALLIES Leaves large, fern-like. Sporanges in a spike or panicle above the sterile leaf. =Ophioglossaceæ.= Sporanges borne in sori, on the backs or margins of the leaves. =Polypodiaceæ.= Leaves small, reduced to scales. Stems erect, hollow, jointed, rush-like; leaves reduced to sheaths at the joints; sporanges in the terminal, cone-like spike. =Equisetaceæ.= Stems not hollow, creeping; leaves numerous, scale-like; sporanges of one kind, solitary in the axils of the leaves. =Lycopodiaceæ.= Stems creeping, moss-like; leaves numerous; sporanges of two kinds in the axils of the upper leaves, which are formed into a quadrangular spike. =Selaginellaceæ.= PLANTS WITH FLOWERS WOODY STEMMED PLANTS; TREES, SHRUBS, AND VINES TREES OR SHRUBS WITH RESINOUS JUICE; LEAVES USUALLY EVERGREEN. Fruit a cone, either dry or berry-like. =Pinaceæ.= Fruit a fleshy crimson berry. =Taxaceæ.=