That the specific character of the pseudopods, and the streaming which
of course lies back of it, is not wholly or perhaps even largely, due to
the specific structure of the protoplasm, is evident from a
consideration of streaming in some other organisms, without a study of
which, streaming in amebas can be only imperfectly understood.
The formation of pseudopods is not necessary to streaming. Occasionally
one sees internal currents unaccompanied by movement or ectoplasm
formation in amebas approximating spherical shape, such as in _Amoeba
blattae_ (Rhumbler, ’98) and rarely also in _proteus_ or _dubia_. But
especially well is such streaming seen in a contracted _Biomyxa_, a
naked foraminifer, and in numerous plant cells. In paramecium and other
ciliates the continuous circulation of the endoplasm,--a true streaming
process,--is an involuntary act. But in _Frontonia_, another large
ciliate, the circulation of the endoplasm is under the control of the
animal, that is to say, voluntary, and is set in motion only when
feeding, the direction of streaming being away from the mouth so as to
drag in the food (see Figure 32, p. 99). If the food particle is a long
filament of _Oscillatoria_, for example, the endoplasm circulates very
much as it does in paramecium, only more rapidly, until the whole
filament is wound up into a coil. Then streaming stops. In the second
place streaming is not necessarily accompanied by the formation of
ectoplasm as observed in ameba. In plant cells the ectoplasm is
practically stationary, while the endoplasm is in continual flux. The
transformation of endoplasm into ectoplasm and vice versa is therefore
not an essential feature of streaming, though it is of locomotion; that
is, ectoplasm is always found between endoplasm and water, though it
might be possible under certain conditions for endoplasm to come into
contact with water without stiffening. And if so, there appears to be
no reason why locomotion might not occur. It appears however under
normal conditions that a moderate tendency to ectoplasm formation
(_proteus, dubia_) leads to greater efficiency in movement than a very
weak (_limicola_) or a very strong (_verrucosa_) tendency to form
ectoplasm.
In the reticulose rhizopods, as is well known there is no ectoplasm of
the kind observed in amebas. The middle of the pseudopod, moreover, is
not the region of most rapid streaming as in ameba, but frequently
becomes congealed, on the contrary, into a rod-like structure. In
general this axial rod has the character of very stiff ectoplasm. The
character of streaming in reticulose rhizopods, however, has received
very little attention, and detailed comparisons are therefore
impossible.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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