Fig. 5 illustrates a renewal pruning. This engraving shows the head of a vine seven years old, and upon which two canes are allowed to remain after each annual pruning. The portion extending from _b_ to _f_ and _d_ is the base of the bearing cane of 1892. In the winter of 1892-3, this cane is cut off at _d_, and the new cane, _e_, is left to make the bearing wood of 1893. Another cane sprung from _f_, but it was too weak to leave for fruiting. It was, therefore, cut away. The old stub, _b_, _f_, _d_, will be cut away a year hence, in the winter of 1893-4. In the meantime, a renewal cane will have grown from the stub _c_, which is left for that purpose, and the old cane, _b d_, will be cut off just beyond it, between _c_ and _f_. In this way, the bearing wood is kept close to the head of the vine. The wound _a_ shows where an old stub was cut away this winter, 1892-3, while _b_ shows where one was cut off the previous winter. A scar upon the back of the head, which does not show in the illustration, marks the spot where a stub was cut away two years ago, in the winter of 1890-1. This method of pruning can be kept up almost indefinitely, and if care is exercised in keeping the stubs short, the head will not enlarge out of proportion to the growth of the stock or trunk. [Illustration: 5. RENEWAL PRUNING.] _Pruning Young Vines._--The time required after planting to get the vine onto the wires or trellis varies with the strength of the vine when set, the variety, the soil and cultivation, and the system of training; but, as a rule, the training begins the second or third year, previous to which time the vine is pruned, not trained. Two-year-old vines are most popular for planting, although in the strong varieties, like Concord and Niagara, well-grown yearling vines are probably as good, if not better. The strong-growing kinds are commonly set from eight to ten feet apart in the row, and the rows eight or nine feet apart. Delawares and other small vines may be set closer, although eight feet is preferable. When set, the vine is cut back to two or three buds. During the first year, the young canes are usually allowed to lie upon the ground at will, as seen in fig. 6. In the fall or winter, all the canes but one are cut off, and this one is cut back to two or three buds. The vine is, therefore, no larger at the expiration of a year's growth than it was when planted; but in the meantime the plant has become thoroughly established in the soil, and the second year's growth should be strong enough to form the basis for the permanent trunk or arm. If, however, the second year's growth is weak, it may be cut back as before, and the third season's growth used for the trunk. On the other hand, the growth of the first year is sometimes carried onto the wires to form the permanent trunk and arms, but it is only with extra strong vines in good soil that this practice is admissible. From this point, the treatment of the vine is discussed under training.