American Indian Ways of Life: An Interpretation of the Archaeology of Illinois and Adjoining Areas — John Shaqi
American Indian Ways of Life: An Interpretation of the Archaeology of Illinois and Adjoining AreasDeuel, Thorne
History
American Indian Ways of Life: An Interpretation of the Archaeology of Illinois and Adjoining Areas
Deuel, Thorne
Illinois -- Antiquities; Indians of North America -- Illinois
The reconstructions of the perishable objects shown in the drawings are
generally in keeping with the culture in which they are exhibited but
cannot be vouched for as to their detailed form. The handle of an adze,
the shape of a cabin roof, the headdress of a tribal chief each served
the purpose for which they were made and their exact form was and is of
no more consequence in the culture than the fashions in women’s hats or
the fins on an automobile are in our own. The details in cultures serve
to set them apart from each other; it is the basic and significant
features and subfeatures that determine relationships and permit the
most useful classification.
The study mentioned above is still incomplete, but results so far
obtained indicate:
1. That man in the same stage (and substage) of cultural development
_tends_ to invent and employ the same broad social and spiritual
features, regardless of surroundings.
2. That where significant differences arise between substages of the
same stage, they are (at least sometimes) linked with peculiarities
of climate and/or natural resources which the people have seized
upon and exploited to the improvement of their economic situation.
3. That many details within these broad types of economic, social and
spiritual features appear to vary unpredictably within the range of
available possibilities.
The stage and criterion for each were proposed in an earlier issue (No.
6) of this series, _Man’s Venture In Culture_, (Deuel 1950, pp. 5-12)
as:
1. _Natural Man_ (_Protocultural_), when “man” presumably employed
sticks and stones as implements and weapons.
2. _Self-Domestication_, following the discovery of the principle of the
conchoidal fracturing of flint and its control, and the invention of
tool and weapon types.
3. _Farming_ or _Food-Raising_, due to the discovery that grains
(grasses) and food-draft animals could be bred and raised in
captivity.
4. _Inanimate Power Machine_ (_Machine Age_), after the discovery of the
availability of water and wind as sources for energy and the
adaptation of animal-driven machines to utilize them.
Man in the wild or Protocultural stage is thought not to have reached
the Americas. The oxlike mammals were not domesticated in America for
drawing ploughs and vehicles, turning grain mills or to serve as a
continuous food supply source. Consequently, we are concerned in the
following discussion only with peoples in the Self-Domestication stage
and the Plant-Raising substage of Farming.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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