RECONSTRUCTION OF RELIGIOUS, ARTISTIC, AND RECREATIONAL FEATURES PALEO-INDIAN PHASE 50,000(?)-8000 B.C.(?) Narrow leaf-shaped spearheads Folsom points Clovis points Stone hammer (?) Flint scrapers (?) Personal ornaments (?) Thrusting weapons Simple family (?) Lineage in male line (?) Big game hunting Roving habits following herd Temporary camps Energy sources for labor, travel and transportation wholly human Religion based on spirits, mana and on the chief game species hunted (?) ARCHAIC PHASE 8000-2500 B.C. Stone hammers, rough or pitted Broad barbed flint spearheads Flint dartheads Flint scrapers Flint awls Chipped choppers Spearthrower (atlatl) weights Grooved stone axes (ground) Ground stone celts Chipped flint digging tools (hoes) Small area settlement sites in the open Rock shelters Post holes in line Necklaces and pendants Plummets Copper tools Dog bones Bone-awls Whet- or abrading stones Bannerstones (with cylindrical hole) Flexed burials in Medial and Terminal subculture Projectile weapon Hunting of deer and small mammals and collecting edible plants, clams, etc. Technologies: flint-chipping, pecking, grinding and polishing of stone, grinding and polishing bone, boring bone and stone with flint drills and with tube, sand and water, making string (from hides and [?] plant-fibers), weaving (?), basket-making (?) Dog the only domesticated animal Marriage Family Extended family or lineage “Independent” local groups Windbreaks or flimsy shelters Family hunting territory Rotating hamlet Non-political tribe “Family-type” social control Puberty rites (Initiation ceremonies) Tribal elders and temporary headmen Insignia possibly as social acceptance of personal achievement, or as family crest Belief in friendly and ancestral spirits, in mana and in revelation by vision or dream Sacred tradition (“mythology”) The shaman—intercessor with spirits and healer of sick—magic medicines Fertility ceremonies—to insure abundant game and to perpetuate sacred traditions Recreational activities and creative arts practiced chiefly in connection with religious ceremonies Funeral rites for all deceased tribal members Socially important persons on death given special care and preparation for burial, and possibly buried in a specially selected place Mourning period for dead Food and grave offerings left especially for important dead INITIAL (WOODLAND) PHASE 1500-500 B.C. Elongated globular pots with pointed (conoidal) bases Copper ornaments Burial mounds and cemeteries Probably very similar to Archaic Copper breastplate or gorgets Socially important persons buried in mounds (?) Very similar to Archaic Dog graves in burial mounds