Intensive maize growing with other crops supplemented by hunting Repeating weapon (bow and arrows) Energy sources for labor and transportation still entirely human The finer pottery and burials in mounds and cemeteries may reflect class differences. The extension of the pottery shapes from the fine black ware to the less decorative service ware may indicate an improvement of lower class conditions over those in Hopewellian times Clothing much like Hopewellian in general styles Large villages, small cities and small villages Large centers or cities had temples and tribal officers’ cabins on flat-topped mounds, and were protected by palisades and/or mud walls Dwellings semi- to permanent, with rectangular floors, vaulted or gabled roofs of thatch, walls consisting of vertical posts, wattle and daub construction, covered inside and out with mats, sometimes possibly bark-covered. Cabin remains numerous. Dug-out boats (?) Wealth considerable. Trade in fewer materials than in Hopewellian Two or three social classes present in population as in Hopewellian Probably a political government with tribal and war chiefs and village chiefs. Head tribal chief may have been chief priest also, or a member of his family may have filled later office. War chief probably also member of ruling caste (as among Natchez). Other war chiefs probably of other classes, rank based on their past deeds Tribal and war chief. In some villages, village chief possibly had dwellings on pyramid tops Headdresses, probably with feathers, and regalia, including feather-cloth robes were probably worn on tribal occasions of importance Calumet pipe doubtless served as safe conduct to travellers and visiting officials, as seal and signature to important agreements. Effigy stone pipes may have been Middle Phase calumet pipe since it had to be smoked with a stem War parties still of simple or no organization except leader and followers, object to take prisoners but not territory