Boatstones and bar “amulets” L-shaped pipe, long-stemmed Crude flint arrowheads Flexed and semi-flexed skeletons in mound graves and tomb chambers Except for above, much like Initial Phase Spear and spearthrower still the chief weapon, weights tied (?) to spearthrower Small hamlets Bow and arrow known but as yet ineffective as a practical weapon Otherwise very similar to Initial Phase Religion probably with shamans rather than priests and a mixture of Initial and Classic Phase religious beliefs and practices and superstitions Some considerable sanctity probably still attached to tobacco, tobacco smoke and the pipe Shamans undoubtedly still practiced the healing arts (as well as black magic) and possibly simple religious rites MIDDLE (MISSISSIPPI) PHASE 1000-1500 A.D. Hoes of chipped flint and numerous digging tools Charred maize kernels and cobs Large settlement areas with flat-topped pyramidal mounds, with cabin remains on summits, surrounded by palisade remains in low ridges of earth Post holes and/or trenches outlining rectangular house floors. Fired clay from wattle and daub structure, burned house with charred thatch, timbers, rafters, mats, etc. Fire pits or fireplaces within house Fine polished black and painted wares with globular and flattened globular bodies, in many shapes—water bottles, shallow bowls, beakers, ollas or jars and effigy forms An excellent, dull-gray service ware with similar varieties of shapes An excellent storage ware of medium to large size, chiefly globular in form Busycon, marginella, olivella shells from south Atlantic and Gulf Coasts Copper from Lake Superior region Busycon dippers and drinking cups L-shaped pipe (“equal armed” and and medium long-stemmed varieties) Massive effigy stone pipes Skeletons, in extended positions, (distributed) in single and multiple graves throughout mounds and in cemeteries Pottery Vessels, weapon heads, jewelry, and polished stone discoidals, etc. associated with skeletons Shell gorgets engraved with realistic and conventional designs Repoussee copper eagle gorgets or plaques Copper sheeted ornaments and jewelry of pottery, bone, shell, wood and leather Polished stone disks or “wheels” Ground and squared astragalus bone of deer and elk