Astor Library, now part of New York Library, founded by John Jacob Astor, _German_, in 1848 ... 4,000 Negro schools founded by Julius Rosenwald, _German Jew_ ... Chautauqua movement begun by Lewis Miller, _German_ ... gifts during panic of the 90’s, penny meals during World War, foodships to Palestine, and Milk Fund by Nathan Straus, _Austrian Jew_ ... $42,000,000 gift to General Education Board by John D. Rockefeller, _German_. Libraries founded throughout United States by Andrew Carnegie, _Scot_ ... funds raised to bring Statue of Liberty from France by Joseph Pulitzer, _Hungarian Jew_ ... appreciation of arts and literature stimulated by Edward Bok, _Netherlander_ ... Boy Scouts of America helped by Jacob and Mortimer Schiff, _German Jews_ ... $6,000,000 to Princeton University by H. C. Frick, _German_. Colgate University founded by Wm. Colgate, _English_ ... $122,000 to Fisk University by James Burrus, _Negro_ ... foundations for opportunities to study abroad and to promote well-being of mankind established by Simon and Daniel Guggenheim, _Swiss Jews_. _Champions of Human Liberty_ Protest against slavery by Pastorius, _German_ ... author of “Common Sense,” “The Crisis” and “Public Good” was Thomas Paine, _English_ ... powerful leaders against slavery were John Russworm, Benjamin Banneker, David Walker, Harriet Tubman, William Brown, William Still, Samuel Ward, Frederick Douglass, _Negroes_. Peter Zenger, _German_, defended by Andrew Hamilton, _Scot_, registered great triumph for freedom of press when he won his fight against Governor Cosby of New York. _National Defense_ [Illustration] Minutemen roused by Paul Revere, _Huguenot_ ... drill-master of Continental armies, who helped to plan West Point, was Frederick von Steuben, _German_ ... $600,000 advanced to Congress and subsidies negotiated from France and the Netherlands by Haym Solomon, _Polish Jew_ ... father of American cavalry was General Casimir Pulaski, _Pole_. First to lose life in Revolutionary War was Chrispus Attucks, _Negro_ ... first commodore of Navy was John Barry, _Irish_ ... naval hero John Paul Jones, _Scot_ ... $5,000,000 contributed toward War of 1812 by Stephen Girard, _French_ ... famous privateer, who abolished corporal punishment in the Navy, was Uriah Levy, _Jew_ ... British defeated on Lake Erie by Captain Perry, _Scotch-Irish_. _Labor_ First president of American Federation of Labor, who improved living standards of workers was Samuel Gompers, _English Jew_ ... leader of C. I. O., John L. Lewis, _Welsh_ ... organizer of coal miners, John Mitchell, _Welsh_ ... president of A. F. of L., William Green, _English-Welsh_ ... leader of Amalgamated Clothing Workers, Sidney Hillman, _Lithuanian Jew_. _Religious Work_