An Essay Concerning Humane Understanding, Volume 1: MDCXC, Based on the 2nd Edition, Books 1 and 2Locke, John
Philosophy
An Essay Concerning Humane Understanding, Volume 1: MDCXC, Based on the 2nd Edition, Books 1 and 2
Locke, John
Knowledge, Theory of -- Early works to 1800
So that, in short, the idea we have of spirit, compared with the idea
we have of body, stands thus: the substance of spirits is unknown to
us; and so is the substance of body equally unknown to us. Two primary
qualities or properties of body, viz. solid coherent parts and impulse,
we have distinct clear ideas of: so likewise we know, and have distinct
clear ideas, of two primary qualities or properties of spirit, viz.
thinking, and a power of action; i.e. a power of beginning or stopping
several thoughts or motions. We have also the ideas of several
qualities inherent in bodies, and have the clear distinct ideas of
them; which qualities are but the various modifications of the
extension of cohering solid parts, and their motion. We have likewise
the ideas of the several modes of thinking viz. believing, doubting,
intending, fearing, hoping; all which are but the several modes of
thinking. We have also the ideas of willing, and moving the body
consequent to it, and with the body itself too; for, as has been shown,
spirit is capable of motion.
31. The Notion of Spirit involves no more Difficulty in it than that of
Body.
Lastly, if this notion of immaterial spirit may have, perhaps, some
difficulties in it not easily to be explained, we have therefore no
more reason to deny or doubt the existence of such spirits, than we
have to deny or doubt the existence of body; because the notion of body
is cumbered with some difficulties very hard, and perhaps impossible to
be explained or understood by us. For I would fain have instanced
anything in our notion of spirit more perplexed, or nearer a
contradiction, than the very notion of body includes in it; the
divisibility IN INFINITUM of any finite extension involving us, whether
we grant or deny it, in consequences impossible to be explicated or
made in our apprehensions consistent; consequences that carry greater
difficulty, and more apparent absurdity, than anything can follow from
the notion of an immaterial knowing substance.
32. We know nothing of things beyond our simple Ideas of them.
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