An Essay in Aid of a Grammar of AssentNewman, John Henry
Religion
An Essay in Aid of a Grammar of Assent
Newman, John Henry
Faith; Theism
3. There is a third remark suggested by the view which I have been
taking of real assents, viz. that they are of a personal character,
each individual having his own, and being known by them. It is
otherwise with notions; notional apprehension is in itself an ordinary
act of our common nature. All of us have the power of abstraction, and
can be taught either to make or to enter into the same abstractions;
and thus to co-operate in the establishment of a common measure
between mind and mind. And, though for one and all of us to assent
to the notions which we thus apprehend in common, is a further step,
as requiring the adoption of a common stand-point of principle and
judgment, yet this too depends in good measure on certain logical
processes of thought, with which we are all familiar, and on facts
which we all take for granted. But we cannot make sure, for ourselves
or others, of real apprehension and assent, because we have to secure
first the images which are their objects, and these are often peculiar
and special. They depend on personal experience; and the experience of
one man is not the experience of another. Real assent, then, as the
experience which it presupposes, is proper to the individual, and, as
such, thwarts rather than promotes the intercourse of man with man. It
shuts itself up, as it were, in its own home, or at least it is its own
witness and its own standard; and, as in the instances above given, it
cannot be reckoned on, anticipated, accounted for, inasmuch as it is
the accident of this man or that.
I call the characteristics of an individual accidents, in spite of the
universal reign of law, because they are severally the co-incidents of
many laws, and there are no laws as yet discovered of such coincidence.
A man who is run over in the street and killed, in one sense suffers
according to rule or law; he was crossing, he was short-sighted or
preoccupied in mind, or he was looking another way; he was deaf, lame,
or flurried; and the cab came up at a great pace. If all this was
so, it was by a necessity that he was run over; it would have been a
miracle if he had escaped. So far is clear; but what is not clear is
how all these various conditions met together in the particular case,
how it was that a man, short-sighted, hard of hearing, deficient in
presence of mind, happened to get in the way of a cab hurrying along to
catch a train. This concrete fact does not come under any law of sudden
deaths, but, like the earth’s yearly path which I spoke of above, is
the accident of the individual.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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