Macleod, 218. _Magnificentia_, duty of, 77. Maimonides, 164. Malthusianism, 225. Mansi, 169. Mantua, _montes pietatis_ at, 196. Manufacture, position in the _artes possessivae_, 142 _et seq._ Marcian Capella, 15. Marriage, attitude of Thomas Aquinas towards, 225. Marshall, 30. Martin V., Pope, his bull on rent, 204. Marx, Karl, theory of value not supported by scholastics, 113, 114. Mastrofini, his interpretation of a verse of St. Luke, 166. Maximian, rescript regarding sales, 105. Mayronis, François de, 149, 156. Mediæval, interpretation of, 3 _et seq._ Menger, Anton, 199. Merchant, the, necessity for control of, _see_ Commerce. Metz-Noblat, de, 183. Meyer, Rudolph, 198. Middle Ages, definition of the term by various authorities, 3 _et seq._ early writers of, no reference to economic questions, 13. Milan, 211. Mohammed, prohibition of usury by his followers, 160. Mohammedans, taking of interest by, forbidden, 166. Monasteries, the, their example in manual labour, 138, 223. Money, as a form of capital, 201. a vendible commodity, 158. changing, see _Cambium_. different kinds of variation of, 219 _et seq._ ignorance of early Middle Ages regarding, 214 _et seq._ invention of, 103. most suitable metals for, 219. not discussed by early mediæval writers, 14. sterility of, 180. the sovereign's power in relation to, 219. treatment of, by Isidore of Seville, 15. utility of, as treated by Aristotle, 16. variations in value of, 216 _et seq._ value of, not to be changed unnecessarily, 219. Monopolies, mediæval views on, 124. _Montes pietatis_, 194. attitude of the Church to, 197. controversy over interest charged by, 196. _Montes profani_, 195 _et seq._ Moral theology, 130. Morality, economic, in the Middle Ages, 10. More, Sir Thomas, 48. Mosheim, 44. Munificence, duty of, 77. _Mutuum_, 202, 210, 213, 214. nature of, 178, 183. risk involved in, 192. Natural rights, distinction between absolute and commensurate in slavery, 95. Navarrus, 190. Necessaries, two kinds distinguished by Thomas Aquinas, 83. Neumann, 182. New Testament, the, 176. cited in support of prohibition of usury, 174. Nice, Council of, on usury, 169, 170. Nicholas v., Pope, bull on personal rent charges, 205. Nider, 39, 110, 118, 134, 150, 181, 193. Nitti, F.S., 43, 69. Noel, Conrad, 49. Numa, as origin of 'nummi,' 15. Occupancy, as title to property, 65. Old Testament, the, 176. attitude to usury, 163, 165. cited in support of prohibition of usury, 174. Oresme, Nicholas, 143, 215, 216, 219. his influence, 221. his work on money, 214, 217 _et seq._ Origen, 45. Orvieto, first _montes pietatis_ started at, 196. Ownership, _see_ Property.