An examination of some methods employed in determining the atomic weight of CadmiumBucher, John Emery
History
An examination of some methods employed in determining the atomic weight of Cadmium
Bucher, John Emery
Cadmium; Thesis (Ph. D.)
In the first five determinations, the analytical operations were
conducted as nearly as possible alike, but the preparation of the
portions of cadmium chloride taken for analysis was varied very much as
will be seen by referring back to this part of this paper. The results
do not vary more than ±0.015 from their average. This is very strong
evidence of the purity of the chloride used for, if it contained any
impurity, we should have expected to vary the amount in the different
portions. After this, attention was paid especially to the analytical
process, for it was thought that there probably was some serious error
in the method, the result being higher than any that had previously been
obtained, if we exclude Dumas’ first series which he himself did not
accept. The conditions were varied in many ways to see how much the
result could be influenced, but under no conditions were results as low
as Huntington’s average (112.24) obtained. A number of errors were found
in the method during the work, but they seem to neutralize each other to
a great extent. The more important ones will now be given. Nearly every
filtrate including the corresponding wash water was examined for
chlorine after the silver and cadmium had been precipitated by hydrogen
sulphide. The excess of hydrogen sulphide was expelled by boiling, after
the addition of some nitric acid. In two cases an inverted condenser was
used. On adding silver nitrate a precipitate was always obtained showing
the presence of chlorine. Care was always taken to filter off sulphur
formed by the oxidation of hydrogen sulphide, before adding the silver
nitrate. The precipitate was never very heavy, and was not estimated
quantitatively. It is evident that cadmium nitrate exerts a solvent
action on silver chloride. In some cases a very large excess of silver
nitrate was added but it did not change the results markedly. Silver
nitrate itself dissolved silver chloride to some extent. The increase in
insolubility, if any, on adding an excess of silver nitrate is probably
counterbalanced by the increased error due to occlusion of nitrates in
the silver chloride. Stas (Aronstein’s Trans. p. 156) says it is
impossible to contract silver chloride or bromide in a solution
containing salts without there being occlusion and that the precipitate
can only be freed from them by dividing up the contracted mass by
shaking with pure water. This was not done here owing to the solubility
of silver chloride in pure water, and the complications introduced in
the analytical part. The occlusion of nitrates by the silver chloride
would lower the atomic weight found. The silver chloride obtained always
darkened on heating and contained cadmium, as was shown in the following
manner: The lump of silver chloride was attached to the negative pole of
a cell and electrolyzed in a bath containing dilute sulphuric acid. The
resulting metal was then dissolved in nitric acid and the silver
precipitated by adding hydrochloric acid.
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