An examination of some methods employed in determining the atomic weight of CadmiumBucher, John Emery
History
An examination of some methods employed in determining the atomic weight of Cadmium
Bucher, John Emery
Cadmium; Thesis (Ph. D.)
An equal quantity of sulphuric acid was added to the crucible used as a
tare and evaporated. After the metal had been dissolved, the platinum
cone was lifted to one side and the excess of acid evaporated off. It
was then heated in a glass air-bath for a long time at a temperature
which was probably about 400°C. After the weight had become constant,
the amount of free sulphuric acid was estimated by titration with a
standard alkali using tropaeolin as an indicator. 1.25 milligrammes were
found and this weight was subtracted from that found at the balance.
Weighing were reduced to the vacuum standard, assuming the Sp. Grs. of
cadmium and anhydrous cadmium sulphate[1] to be 8.54 and 3.0
respectively. The results were as follows:
Footnote 1:
Could not find any record of its Sp. Gr., 3.0 is assumed.
Cd CdSO_{4} At. Wt.
I. (112.35 can only be regarded as a preliminary experiment)
II. 1.15781 2.14776 112.35
Discussion of the Results.
These results agree fairly well with those obtained by the chloride and
bromide methods. The second experiment is more trustworthy than the
first. In it, we started with pure metal and the manipulations were so
simple that no serious error could have been made in them. Hence it will
only be necessary to consider the end-product, i.e., the cadmium
sulphate. The titration showed that the sulphate was not basic owing to
loss of sulphur trioxide, and after deducting the weight of the excess
of sulphuric acid we must have left a weight of cadmium sulphate which
is equivalent to the metal employed. The question now is, did it contain
anything else and what would be its effect? Clearly the effect of water
or any other impurity would be to lower the atomic weight found, hence
the atomic weight must be at least as high as the experiment indicates.
As the cadmium sulphate is deposited, at least the later part of it is
from a strong sulphuric acid solution, it probably does not contain any
water and in this case would fix a maximum value as well as the minimum
value, and thus determine the atomic weight. It might be objected to the
second experiment that the sulphuric acid found may have been present as
SO_{3} and not as H_{2}SO_{4} as was assumed. This seems highly
improbable, and even if it were so the error introduced would be only
about .03 of a unit in the atomic weight. As the first determination was
found practically neutral, it does not apply to it at all. The most
probable conclusion from these experiments is that the atomic weight of
cadmium is about 112.35. A more thorough study of this method would have
been made if time had permitted it.
The Oxide Method.
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