Barbarism of the tenth century—Debasement of the papacy 144 Tendency to hereditary benefices—Dilapidation of church property 145 938 Leo VII. vainly prohibits sacerdotal marriage 148 952 It is defended by St. Ulric of Augsburg 153 925-967 Unsuccessfully resisted by Ratherius of Verona and Atto of Vercelli 150 Opposing influences among prelates 152 Relaxation of the canons 154 942-1054 Three Archbishops of Rouen 155 Indifference of Silvester II. 157 Celibacy practically obsolete 158 XI.—SAXON ENGLAND. Corruption of the ancient British church 159 Asceticism of the Irish and Scottish churches 160 597 Celibacy introduced among the Saxons by St. Augustin 161 Disorders in the Saxon nunneries 163 747, 787 Councils of Clovesho and Chelsea 164 Neglect of discipline in the ninth and tenth centuries 165 964 St. Dunstan undertakes a reformation 166 964-974 Energy of Edgar the Pacific 168 975 Reaction after the death of Edgar 170 1006 Failure of Dunstan’s reforms 171 1009 Council of Enham—Sacerdotal polygamy 172 1032 Legislation of Cnut 173 Sacerdotal marriage established 175 XII.—PETER DAMIANI. 1022 Council of Pavia—Efforts to restore discipline 178 1031 Council of Bourges 179 Clerical marriage and profligacy 180 Revival of asceticism—San Giovanni Gualberto 183 1046 Henry III. undertakes the reformation of the church—Clement II. 184 St. Peter Damiani 185 1049 Leo IX. 187 Damiani’s Liber Gomorrhianus 188 Reformatory efforts of Leo—Councils of Rheims and Mainz 188 1051-1053 Attempts to reform the Italian clergy 189 Failure of the Reformation 190