1058 The Papacy independent—Damiani and Hildebrand 192 1059 Appeal to the laity for assistance 194 1059 Council of Melfi—Deposition of Bishop of Trani 197 1060 Damiani endeavors to reform the prelates 198 The persecuted clergy organize resistance 199 1061 Schismatic election of Cadalus 200 He is supported by the married clergy 201 1063 Renewed efforts of Alexander II. and Damiani 202 Their failure 204 XIII.—MILAN. Milan the centre of Manichæism 207 1045 Election of an archbishop—four disappointed competitors 209 Marriage universal among Milanese clergy 210 Landolfo and Arialdo excite the people 211 1056 Popular tumults—Plunder of the clergy 212 1058 The Synod of Fontaneto defends the married priests 212 A furious civil war results 213 1059 Damiani obtains the submission of the clergy 213 1061 Milan embraces the party of Cadalus 215 Death of Landolfo—Erlembaldo takes his place 215 1062 His success 216 1066 Excommunication of Archbishop Guido—Martyrdom of Arialdo 216 1067 Compromise and temporary truce 217 1069 Guido forced to resign—War between Gotefrido and Azzo for the succession 218 1075 Death of Erlembaldo—Tedaldo archbishop in spite of Gregory VII. 219 Influence of celibacy on the struggle 220 1093-1095 Triumph of sacerdotalism 221 Similar trouble throughout Tuscany 222 XIV.—HILDEBRAND. 1073 Election of Gregory VII.—His character 223 Necessity of celibacy to his scheme of theocratic supremacy 225 1074 Synod of Rome—Repetition of previous canons 227 Attempts to enforce them throughout Europe—Resistance of the clergy 228 Three bishops—Otho of Constance—Altmann of Passau—Siegfrid of Mainz 229 1074 Gregory appeals to the laity 232