An Introduction to ShakespeareMacCracken, H. N. (Henry Noble)
General
An Introduction to Shakespeare
MacCracken, H. N. (Henry Noble)
Shakespeare, William, 1564-1616 -- Handbooks, manuals, etc.
I am sorry that by hanging thee I can [run-on]
But shorten your life one week. And thou, fresh piece [run-on]
Of excellent witchcraft, who of force must know [end-stopped]
The royal fool thou cop'st with...--"
--_Winter's Tale_, IV, iv, 427-434.
Since Shakespeare keeps constantly increasing his use of run-on lines
in plays for which dates are known, it seems reasonable to assume that
he did this in all his work, that it was a habit which grew on him from
year to year. Hence, if we sort out his plays in order, putting those
with the fewest run-on lines first and those with the greatest number
last, we shall have good reason for believing that this represents
roughly the order in which they were written.
A second form of metrical evidence is found in the proportion of
'masculine' and 'feminine' endings in the verse. A line has a
masculine ending when its last syllable is stressed; when it ends, for
example, on words or phrases like _behold'_, _control'_, _no more'_,
_begone'_. On the other hand, if the last stressed syllable of the
line is followed by an unstressed one, the two together are called a
feminine ending. Instances of this would be lines ending in such words
or phrases as, _unho'/ly_, _forgive' /me_, _benight'/ed_. Notice the
difference between them in the following passage:--
"Our revels now are ended. These our actors [feminine]
As I foretold you, were all spirits, and [masculine]
Are melted into air, into thin air; [masculine]
And, like the baseless fabric of this vision, [feminine]
The cloud-capp'd towers, the gorgeous palaces, [feminine]
{81}
The solemn temples, the great globe itself, [masculine]
Yea, all which it inherit, shall dissolve, [masculine]
And, like this insubstantial pageant faded, [feminine]
Leave not a rack behind."
--_Tempest_, IV, i, 147-166.
In the main, although with some exceptions, the number of feminine
endings, like the number of run-on lines, increases as the plays become
later in date.
A third form of ending, which practically does not appear at all in the
early plays, and which recurs with increasing frequency in the later
ones, is what is called a 'weak ending.'[4] This occurs whenever a
run-on line ends in a word which according to the meter needs to be
stressed, and according to the sense ought not to be. Here there is a
clash between meter and meaning, and the reader compromises by making a
pause before the last syllable instead of emphasizing the syllable
itself. Below are two examples of weak endings:--
"It should the good ship so have swallowed, and
The fraughting souls within her."
"I will rend an oak
And peg thee in his knotty entrails _till_
Thou hast howled away twelve winters."
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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