The _Readings in European History_, a manual now in preparation, and designed to accompany this volume, will contain comprehensive bibliographies for each chapter and a selection of illustrative material, which it is hoped will enable the teacher and pupil to broaden and vivify their knowledge. In the present volume I have given only a few titles at the end of some of the chapters, and in the footnotes I mention, for collateral reading, under the heading "Reference," chapters in the best available books, to which the student may be sent for additional detail. Almost all the books referred to might properly find a place in every high-school library. J.H.R. COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY, January 12, 1903. CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE I THE HISTORICAL POINT OF VIEW 1 II WESTERN EUROPE BEFORE THE BARBARIAN INVASIONS 8 III THE GERMAN INVASIONS AND THE BREAK-UP OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE 25 IV THE RISE OF THE PAPACY 44 V THE MONKS AND THE CONVERSION OF THE GERMANS 56 VI CHARLES MARTEL AND PIPPIN 67 VII CHARLEMAGNE 77 VIII THE DISRUPTION OF CHARLEMAGNE'S EMPIRE 92 IX FEUDALISM 104 X THE DEVELOPMENT OF FRANCE 120 XI ENGLAND IN THE MIDDLE AGES 133 XII GERMANY AND ITALY IN THE TENTH AND ELEVENTH CENTURIES 148 XIII THE CONFLICT BETWEEN GREGORY VII AND HENRY IV 164 XIV THE HOHENSTAUFEN EMPERORS AND THE POPES 173 XV THE CRUSADES 187 XVI THE MEDIÆVAL CHURCH AT ITS HEIGHT 201 XVII HERESY AND THE FRIARS 216 XVIII THE PEOPLE IN COUNTRY AND TOWN 233 XIX THE CULTURE OF THE MIDDLE AGES 250 XX THE HUNDRED YEARS' WAR 277 XXI THE POPES AND THE COUNCILS 303 XXII THE ITALIAN CITIES AND THE RENAISSANCE 321 XXIII EUROPE AT THE OPENING OF THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY 354 XXIV GERMANY BEFORE THE PROTESTANT REVOLT 369 XXV MARTIN LUTHER AND HIS REVOLT AGAINST THE CHURCH 387 XXVI COURSE OF THE PROTESTANT REVOLT IN GERMANY, 1521-1555 405 XXVII THE PROTESTANT REVOLT IN SWITZERLAND AND ENGLAND 421 XXVIII THE CATHOLIC REFORMATION--PHILIP II 437