(_Anthropopithecus_) among the _Simiidæ_, which, with the exception of the Orangs of Borneo, are the only existing large man-like Apes, and the group of Dog-faced Baboons (_Cynocephalus_) in the _Cercopithecidæ_. The genus _Colobus_ is also a group of the latter family, absolutely characteristic of the region. Lemurs, again, occur on the continent of Africa, but the great development of this group is in the adjacent island of Madagascar, where several peculiar genera occur, and where the larger Carnivora and Ungulata are absent. These peculiarities of the fauna of Madagascar apparently point, as previously mentioned, to its separation from the mainland before the latter was overrun by the larger types, and at a time when its chief mammals were Lemurs and Insectivores. There are two genera of Edentates, the Pangolins (_Manis_), and the Aard-vark (_Orycteropus_), the latter being peculiar. Although the foregoing groups of mammals are now so characteristic of the Ethiopian region, it cannot be too strongly insisted that their restriction to this region is, so to speak, merely a feature of the present day, and that at a late geological epoch nearly all the peculiar genera were represented in India, and many of them also in Europe. _Oriental Region._—The third or Oriental region is likewise of very considerable extent, and is the only one, in addition to the Ethiopian, which is the home of huge Ungulates, like Elephants and Rhinoceroses, and the large man-like Apes. A large proportion of this extensive area is occupied by tropical and subtropical forests and swamps; these being especially abundant in Burma, Southern China, Siam, and the southern ridges of the Himalaya, collectively constituting the Indo-Chinese sub-region, and also in the Indo-Malayan sub-region of the Malay peninsula and adjacent islands. In the third or Indian sub-region, comprising peninsular India, with the exception of the Carnatic, there are large tracts of open country, including some of the hottest regions in the world, parts of which form plains more or less covered with vegetation during the cooler and rainy seasons, while others are barren rocky table-lands, as in the Deccan, or arid deserts like those of parts of the Punjab and Sind. Finally, in the fourth or Cingalese sub-region, represented by the Carnatic and the island of Ceylon, we find vast areas of luxuriant forest and jungle. In the north-western desert area of the Indian sub-region the fauna includes a mixture of Palæarctic and Ethiopian forms, with those characteristic of the Oriental region.