Among the chief features of the mammalian fauna of this region we may notice the absence of Hippopotami and Giraffes, the greatly diminished number of Antelopes, as compared with those of Africa, and the abundance of Deer and true Pigs. The Antelopes comprise the two peculiar genera _Boselaphus_ (Nilghai) and the typical _Antilope_ (Black-buck), each of which is represented by only a single species, while the Deer belong to the so-called Rusine group, which is markedly different from that to which the Palæarctic Red Deer belongs. True Chevrotains (_Tragulus_) are peculiar to this region. The Oxen include the true Buffalo, differing in many respects from the African species of the same group, and also certain species of true Oxen, such as the Gaour and Banting, belonging to the Bibovine group, which is confined to this region. In the Perissodactyla Horses (_Equus_) are represented only by a single species in the desert area of the Indian sub-region, while the two species of _Rhinoceros_ differ from those of Africa in being furnished with canines and incisors. The Malayan Tapir is the only Old World species of its genus. The Indian Elephant differs, moreover, so markedly from its African ally that some writers regard the two as types of distinct genera. The Carnivora include the Lion, Leopard, Jackal, and Hunting-Leopard, which are common to Africa; but the Tiger is very characteristic of this region, although extending northwards into the Palæarctic. Civets are abundant, comprising some peculiar genera, of which it will suffice to mention the well known _Paradoxurus_. Wolves closely allied to the Palæarctic species occur in Northern India, and there are also Foxes related to the typical species. The Dog-like animals which hunt in packs, and are separated by some writers from _Canis_ under the name of _Cyon_, occur in the present and the Palæarctic region. The striped Hyæna is the Indian representative of its genus. Ratels are common to this and the Ethiopian region, and constitute the genus _Mellivora_. The most striking feature in the Carnivorous fauna of this region, as distinguished from the Ethiopian, is, however, the presence of Bears, some of which belong to the typical genus _Ursus_, while one species is usually generically separated under the name of _Melursus_. Among the Rodents we may especially notice the abundance of the _Muridæ_ and _Sciuridæ_. In the former family we have numbers of true Mice (_Mus_), and also the peculiar genus _Nesocia_ (Bandicoot-Rat), while in the latter both the true Squirrels (_Sciurus_) and the Flying-Squirrels (_Pteromys_) attain great development. The genus (_Pteromys_) is, indeed, mainly characteristic of this region, although in Kashmir and Japan it enters the Palæarctic. The Bats are very numerous, being represented by all the families, with the exception of the _Phyllostomatidæ_, or Vampyres, of South America. Among the Insectivora the genera _Tupaia_ and