Germany in 1830-40 and France -- Stirner and Proudhon -- Biography of Stirner -- _The Individual and his Property_ (_Der Einzige und sein Eigenthum_) -- The Union of Egoists -- The Philosophic Contradiction of the _Einziger_ -- Stirner's Practical Error -- Julius Faucher -- Moses Hess -- Karl Gruen -- Wilhelm Marr. PART II.--MODERN ANARCHISM. CHAP. PAGE IV. RUSSIAN INFLUENCES 141 The Earliest Signs of Anarchist Views in Russia in 1848 -- The Political, Economic, Mental, and Social Circumstances of Anarchism in Russia -- Michael Bakunin -- Biography -- Bakunin's Anarchism -- Its Philosophic Foundations -- Bakunin's Economic Programme -- His Views as to the Practicability of his Plans -- Sergei Netschajew -- The Revolutionary Catechism -- The Propaganda of Action -- Paul Brousse. V. PETER KROPOTKIN AND HIS SCHOOL 172 Biography -- Kropotkin's Main Views -- Anarchist Communism and the "Economics of the Heap" (_Tas_) -- Kropotkin's Relation to the Propaganda of Action -- Elisee Reclus: his Character and Anarchist Writings -- Jean Grave -- Daniel Saurin's _Order through Anarchy_ -- Louise Michel and G. Elievant -- A. Hamon and the Psychology of Anarchism -- Charles Malato and other French Writers on Anarchist Communism -- The Italians: Cafiero, Merlino, and Malatesta. VI. GERMANY, ENGLAND, AND AMERICA 213 Individualist and Communist Anarchism -- Arthur Muelberger -- Theodor Hertzka's _Freeland_ -- Eugen Duehring's "Anticratism" -- Moritz von Egidy's "United Christendom" -- John Henry Mackay -- Nietzsche and Anarchism -- Johann Most -- Auberon Herbert's Voluntary State -- R. B. Tucker. PART III.--THE RELATION OF ANARCHISM TO SCIENCE AND POLITICS. CHAP. PAGE VII. ANARCHISM AND SOCIOLOGY: HERBERT SPENCER 245 Spencer's Views on the Organisation of Society -- Society Conceived from the Nominalist and Realist Standpoint -- The Idealism of Anarchists -- Spencer's Work: _From Freedom to Restraint_. VIII. THE SPREAD OF ANARCHISM IN EUROPE 260