First Period (1867-1880): The Peace and Freedom League -- The Democratic Alliance and the Jurassic Bund -- Union with and Separation from the "International" -- The Rising at Lyons -- Congress at Lausanne -- The Members of the Alliance in Italy, Spain, and Belgium -- Second Period (from 1880): The German Socialist Law -- Johann Most -- The London Congress -- French Anarchism since 1880 -- Anarchism in Switzerland -- The Geneva Congress -- Anarchism in Germany and Austria -- Joseph Penkert -- Anarchism in Belgium and England -- Organisation of the Spanish Anarchists -- Italy -- Character of Modern Anarchism -- The Group -- Numerical Strength of the Anarchism of Action. IX. CONCLUDING REMARKS 304 Legislation against Anarchists -- Anarchism and Crime -- Tolerance towards Anarchist Theory -- Suppression of Anarchist Crime -- Conclusion. PART I EARLY ANARCHISM "A hundred fanatics are found to support a theological or metaphysical statement, but not one for a geometric theorem." CESARE LOMBROSO. CHAPTER I PRECURSORS AND EARLY HISTORY Forerunners and Early History Definitions -- Is Anarchism a Pathological Phenomenon? -- Anarchism Considered Sociologically --Anarchist Movements in the Middle Ages -- The Theory of the Social Contract with Reference to Anarchism -- Anarchist Movements during the French Revolution -- The Philosophic Premises of the Anarchist Theory -- The Political and Economic Assumptions of Anarchism. "Die Welt wird alt und wird wieder jung Doch der Mensch hofft immer auf Besserung."