From ancient times Tartars intimately connected with the Chinese-- How the Chou state had to migrate to avoid the Tartars--Chou ancestors had originally fled from China to the Tartars--Chou family's subsequent dealings with the Tartars--How Ts'in replaced Chou as the semi-Tartar or westernmost state of China--Tartars for many centuries in possession of Yellow River north bank--Once extended to Kiang Su province--Confucius' knowledge of the Tartars--Tartar attacks in the eighth and seventh centuries B.C.-- Causes of the Protector system--Incompetence of Emperors to stave off Tartar attacks--Ts'i's extensive relations with the Tartars-- The Second Protector and his adviser--Rude treatment of the Second Protector by the orthodox Chinese states--Ts'u's bluff hospitality-- Second Protector had to check Chinese instead of Tartar ambitions-- Tsin's Tartar admixture--Comparison with Roman adventurers--How Tartars have in modern times ruled China and Asia. CHAPTER XLII _MUSIC_ Music in Chinese life--Confucius' present dwelling and the ancient instruments therein--Comparison with Wagner's Ring--Musicians as corrupters of simplicity--Tsin and Ts'in dialects--Music as an adjunct to government--Confucius' views on music--Ts'u music--The effect of music on the mind--Rewards in the shape of right to play certain tunes--The Emperor Muh's music--Music coupled with soothsaying--Lao-tsz on benevolence and justice-Playing the banjo-- Music at sacrifice or worship--Modern abstinence from music-- First August Emperor compared with Saul and his music. CHAPTER XLIII _WEALTH, SPORTS, ETC._ Ancient and modern ideas of wealth--Ts'in and Ts'u valuables-- Furniture--Mats and divans--Tea and wine--Tartar couches--Inlaid ivory sofas--State treasure--Wealth in horses-Silks and furs in Tsin and Ts'u--Women as property--Pearls and jade as portable property--A Chinese Crocesus--Escape by sea to Shan Tung--Gold as money--Bribery with "metal"--Iron and gold mines in Wu--Fine Wu swords--"Cash" as coins--Ts'u money--Weight of a gold piece--Cooks important personages--"Meat-eaters" meant the ruling classes-- Silk universal--Poor wore hemp--No cotton--Ts'in custom of wearing swords--Jade marks of rank--Sports--Egret fights-war hunts--Horses in Peking plain--Hunting chariots and "shaft-gates"--_Yamen, ya_, and Turkish encampments--Cockfighting-Lifting heavy weights--Ball games--Women at looms--Little said of family life-- No homely pastimes--No squeezed feet--Helplessness of the people under their taskmasters. CHAPTER XLIV _CONFUCIUS_