English translations of _De oratore_: Guthrie, W., London, 1808 & 1840; Watson, J. S., London (Bohn), 1855 & 1896; Calvert, F. B., Edinburgh, 1870; Moor, E. N. P., (Book I only), London, 1904. Of _Orator_ Sandys (page xcvii) cites three English translations, of which only Yonge’s seems to be available in this country. The French translation by Colin (_Traduction du traité de l’orateur de Cicéron, avec des notes, par M. l’Abbé Colin_, Paris, 1737), though somewhat paraphrastic, is accurate so far as I have used it. Another accompanies Bornecque’s edition, Paris, 1921. Among recent critical studies the following will be found suggestive in their several directions: Hendrickson, G. L., _The Peripatetic mean of style and the three stylistic characters_, Amer. Jo. Philol. xxv. 125 (1904); _Ancient characters of style_, Amer. Jo. Philol. xxvi. 249 (1905); _Cicero’s Brutus and the technique of citation in dialogue_, Amer. Jo. Philol. xxvii, 184 (1906); Hubbell, H. M., _The influence of Isocrates on Cicero, Dionysius and Aristides_ (Yale thesis, 1914); Nassal, F., _Æsthetisch-rhetorische Beziehungen zwischen Dionysius von Halikarnass und Cicero_ (Tübingen thesis, 1910). For study of rhetorical terms see Causeret, C., _Étude sur la langue de la rhétorique et de la critique dans Cicéron_, Paris, 1886, which is classified by the fivefold division, _inventio_, _collocatio_, etc. The influence of Cicero in the middle age and the Renaissance will be discussed in a later volume. [2] _Literature_, the second lecture on _University Subjects_ in the _Idea of a University_. [3] See below, Chapter IV. II. [4] W. B. Owen in the introduction to his edition of Book I (Boston, 1895) makes more of this than its importance seems to warrant. [5] _In omni genere sermonis et humanitatis perfectum_, I. ix. 35 [6] I. xi. [7] I. xii. 51. [8] I. xiii. 55. [9] 56. [10] 63. [11] I. xv. 64. _Quam ob rem, si quis universam et propriam oratoris vim definire complectique vult, is orator erit mea sententia, hoc tamen gravi dignus nomine, qui, quæcumque res inciderit quæ sit dictione explicanda, prudenter et composite et ornate et memoriter dicet cum quadam actionis etiam dignitate._